Pinch Analysis for Energy and Carbon Footprint Reduction

<p>1. Introduction</p> <p>1.1 What is pinch analysis?</p> <p>1.2 Historical development and industrial experience</p> <p>1.3 Why does pinch analysis work?</p> <p>1.4 The concept of process synthesis</p> <p>1.5 Hierarchy of energy reduction</p> <p>1.6 The role of thermodynamics in process design</p> <p>1.7 Learning and applying the techniques</p> <p>1.8 A note on terminology</p> <p>2. Carbon footprint and primary energy</p> <p>2.1 Introduction</p> <p>2.2 Definition of carbon footprint</p> <p>2.3 Primary energy</p> <p>2.4 Carbon dioxide emissions and carbon footprint</p> <p>2.5 Components of carbon footprint </p> <p>2.6 Carbon pinch and emissions targeting </p> <p>2.7 Energy costs</p> <p>2.8 Conclusions</p> <p>3. Key concepts of pinch analysis</p> <p>3.1 Heat recovery and heat exchange</p> <p>3.2 The pinch and its significance</p> <p>3.3 Heat exchanger network design </p> <p>3.4 Choosing ΔTmin: supertargeting </p> <p>3.5 Methodology of pinch analysis</p> <p>3.6 Worked exercise</p> <p>4. Data extraction and energy targeting</p> <p>4.1 Data extraction</p> <p>4.2 Case study - organics distillation plant</p> <p>4.3 Energy targeting</p> <p>4.4 Multiple utilities</p> <p>4.5 More advanced energy targeting</p> <p>4.6 Targeting heat exchange units, area and shells </p> <p>4.7 Supertargeting; cost targeting for optimal ΔTmin</p> <p>4.8 Targeting for organics distillation plant case study</p> <p>4.9 Exercises</p> <p>Appendix – Algorithms for Problem Table and composite curves</p> <p>5. Heat exchanger network design</p> <p>5.1 Introduction</p> <p>5.2 Heat exchange equipment </p> <p>5.3 Stream splitting and cyclic matching </p> <p>5.4 Network relaxation </p> <p>5.5 More complex designs </p> <p>5.6 Multiple pinches and near-pinches</p> <p>5.7 Retrofit design</p> <p>5.8 Operability; multiple base case design</p> <p>5.9 Network design for organics distillation case study</p> <p>5.10 Conclusions</p> <p>5.11 Exercises</p> <p>6. Utilities, heat and power systems</p> <p>6.1 Concepts</p> <p>6.2 Combined heat and power systems</p> <p>6.3 Heat pumps and refrigeration systems </p> <p>6.4 Total site analysis </p> <p>6.5 Worked example – organics distillation unit</p> <p>6.6 Worked case study and example for total site problem table algorithm</p> <p>6.7 Case studies and examples</p> <p>6.8 Exercises</p> <p>7. Process change and evolution</p> <p>7.1 Concepts</p> <p>7.2 General principles</p> <p>7.3 Reactor systems</p> <p>7.4 Distillation columns </p> <p>7.5 Evaporator systems </p> <p>7.6 Flash systems </p> <p>7.7 Solids drying </p> <p>7.8 Other separation methods </p> <p>7.9 Application to the organics distillation process case study </p> <p>7.10 Summary and conclusions </p> <p>7.11 Exercises</p> <p>8. Batch and time-dependent processes</p> <p>8.1 Introduction</p> <p>8.2 Concepts</p> <p>8.3 Types of streams in batch processes</p> <p>8.4 Time intervals</p> <p>8.5 Calculating energy targets</p> <p>8.6 Heat exchanger network design</p> <p>8.7 Rescheduling</p> <p>8.8 Debottlenecking</p> <p>8.9 Other time-dependent applications</p> <p>8.10 Conclusions</p> <p>9. Water, hydrogen, and carbon pinch</p> <p>9.1 Introduction</p> <p>9.2 Concepts</p> <p>9.3 Key steps in mass pinch analysis</p> <p>9.4 Application and case study for water pinch analysis (Glove Industry)</p> <p>9.5 Application and case study for hydrogen pinch analysis</p> <p>9.6 Conclusions for water and hydrogen pinch analysis</p> <p>9.7 Carbon pinch</p> <p>10. Applying the technology in practice</p> <p>10.1 Introduction</p> <p>10.2 How to do a pinch study</p> <p>10.3 Heat and mass balance</p> <p>10.4 Stream data extraction </p> <p>10.5 Targeting and network design</p> <p>10.6 Project evaluation and costing</p> <p>10.7 Targeting software</p> <p>10.8 Exercises</p> <p>11. Industrial experience</p> <p>11.1 Overview</p> <p>11.2 Oil refining</p> <p>11.3 Bulk chemicals – continuous</p> <p>11.4 Speciality and batch chemicals and pharmaceuticals</p> <p>11.5 Pulp and paper</p> <p>11.6 Food and beverage</p> <p>11.7 Consumer products and textiles</p> <p>11.8 Minerals and metals</p> <p>11.9 Heat and power utilities</p> <p>11.10 Buildings</p> <p>11.11 Waste processing and sewage</p> <p>12. Case studies</p> <p>12.1 Introduction</p> <p>12.2 Crude preheat train</p> <p>12.3 Aromatics plant</p> <p>12.4 Evaporator/dryer plant</p> <p>12.5 Organic chemicals manufacturing site</p> <p>12.6 Food processing plant</p> <p>12.7 Hospital site</p> <p>12.8 Conclusions</p> <p>12.9 Exercises</p> <p>13. Conclusions</p> <p>Notation</p> <p>Further reading</p> <p>Appendix 1. Using the spreadsheet software</p> <p>Appendix 2. Answers to selected exercises</p> <p>Index</p>