Physical and Physiological Forest Ecology

<p>Contents</p><p>1.            Introduction to Physical, Physiological and Causal Forest Ecology </p><p>2.            The Approach to Construct and Test the Theory of Forest Ecology</p><p>3.            Environmental Factors</p><p>3.1          Properties of Environment</p><p>3.2          Diurnal Cycle in Environmental Factors</p><p>3.3          Annual Cycle of Environmental Factors</p><p>3.4          Environmental Factors Inside a Canopy</p><p>Annex: Annual Cycle of Radiation</p><p>4.            Processes in Living Structures</p><p>4.1          Structure of Vegetation</p><p>4.1.1      Cellular Level</p><p>4.1.2      Tissues</p><p>4.1.3      Organs</p><p>4.1.4      Individual</p><p>4.1.5      Stand</p><p>4.2          Vegetation Processes</p><p>4.2.1      Annual Cycle of Processes</p><p>4.2.2      Photosynthesis and Transpiration</p><p>4.2.3      Respiration</p><p>4.2.4      Senescence</p><p>4.2.5      Uptake of Water and Nutrients by Roots</p><p>4.2.6      Bud Burst Phenology</p><p>4.2.7      Shoot Elongation</p><p>4.2.8      Nox Exchange of Needles</p><p>4.3          Structure of Forest Soil</p><p>4.3.1      Mineral Soil</p><p>4.3.2      Soil Organic Matter</p><p>4.3.3      Soil Structure, Water and Air</p><p>4.3.4      Soil Organisms</p><p>4.3.5      Soil Horizons and Distribution</p><p>4.4          Processes in Soil</p><p>4.4.1      General Considerations About Processes in Soil</p><p>4.4.2      Ion Exchange and Retention</p><p>4.4.3      Decomposition of Soil Organic Matter</p><p>4.4.4      Nitrogen Processes in Soil</p><p>4.5          Forest Animals</p><p>Annex: Transport</p><p>5.            Fluxes of Carbon, Water and Nutrients</p><p>5.1          Water and Sugar Transport in Trees</p><p>5.1.1      Introduction</p><p>5.1.2      Upward Flow of Water in Xylem</p><p>5.1.3      Assimilate Transport in Phloem</p><p>5.2          Water Dynamics in Forest Soil</p><p>5.3          Carbon Dioxide in Soil</p><p>5.4          Co2, Water Vapour and Energy Fluxes Between Forest Ecosystem and Atmosphere</p><p>5.4.1      Structural, Metabolic and Physical Background of the Fluxes</p><p>5.4.2      Processes Generating Co2 and Water Vapour Fluxes Between Ecosystems and the Atmosphere</p><p>5.4.3      Co2 and Water Vapour Fluxes Between Forest Ecosystem and the Atmosphere</p><p>5.4.4      Energy Fluxes Within and Over Forest</p><p>5.5          Statistical Analysis of the Daily Photosynthetic Production of Coniferous Canopies Consistent with Process Knowledge</p><p>5.6          Annual Energy, Carbon, Nitrogen, Water and Ion Fluxes and Amounts at SMEAR II</p><p>6.            Structural Regularities in Trees</p><p>6.1          Functional Basis of the Regularities in Tree Structure</p><p>6.2          Tree Structure as Balanced Water Transport System</p><p>6.3          Nitrogen Concentration in Leaves, Wood and Fine Roots in Scots Pine</p><p>7.            Dynamics of Carbon and Nitrogen Fluxes and Pools in Forest Ecosystem</p><p>7.1          Structural, Metabolic and Evolutionary Basis of Ecosystem Development</p><p>7.2          Quantification of Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics: Ecosystem Model Microforest</p><p>7.2.1      Trees</p><p>7.2.2      Growth of Ground Vegetation</p><p>7.2.3      Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics in Soil</p><p>7.2.4      Connections Between Trees, Ground Vegetation and Soil</p><p>7.3          Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics in Forest Ecosystem Around SMEAR II</p><p>7.3.1      Field Measurements</p><p>7.3.2      Parameter Values</p><p>7.3.3      Simulation of the Forest Ecosystem Around SMEAR II</p><p>7.3.4      Evaluation of the Simulations At SMEAR II</p><p>7.4          Test of Microforest Against Data On Tree Growth</p><p>7.4.1      First Test of Microforest</p><p>7.4.2      Second Test of Microforest</p><p>Annex: List of Parameter Values and Units in MicroForest</p><p>Annex: List of Variables in MicroForest Model</p><p>8.            How to Utilize The Knowledge of Causal Responses?</p><p>8.1          Applications to Forestry</p><p>8.1.1      The Effect Thinnings On Wood Production</p><p>8.1.2      The Effect of Whole Tree Harvesting On The Site Fertility</p><p>8.1.3      The Effect of Nitrogen Deposition On Forest Production</p><p>8.2          Climate Change and Forests</p><p>8.2.1      Physical Background of Climate Change</p><p>8.2.2      Mechanisms of Climate Change</p><p>8.2.3      Observed and Projected Changes in Climate</p><p>8.2.4      Responses of Forest Ecosystems to Climate Change</p><p>8.2.5      Response of Boreal Forests to Climate Change</p><p>8.2.6      Feedback from Forests to Climate Change</p><p>9.            Station for Measuring Ecosystem-Atmosphere Relations – SMEAR</p><p>10.          The Physical and Physiological Theory of Forest Ecology and its Evaluation</p><p>Index</p>