New Trends in Green Chemistry
Samenvatting
Organic chemistry has played a vital role in the development of diverse molecules which are used in medicines, agrochemicals and polymers. Most ofthe chemicals are produced on an industrial scale. The industrial houses adopt a synthesis for a particular molecule which should be cost-effective. No attention is paid to avoid the release of harmful chemicals in the atmosphere, land and sea. During the past decade special emphasis has been made towards green synthesis which circumvents the above problems. Prof. V. K. Ahluwalia and Dr. M. Kidwai have made a sincere effort in this direction. This book discusses the basic principles of green chemistry incorporating the use of green reagents, green catalysts, phase transfer catalysis, green synthesis using microwaves, ultrasound and biocatalysis in detail. Special emphasis is given to liquid phase reactions and organic synthesis in the solid phase. I must congratulate both the authors for their pioneering efforts to write this book. Careful selection of various topics in the book will serve the rightful purpose for the chemistry community and the industrial houses at all levels. PROF. JAVED IQBAL, PhD, FNA Distinguished Research Scientist & Head Discovery Research Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd.
Specificaties
Inhoudsopgave
Preface
1. Introduction 2. Designing a Green Synthesis
2.1 Choice of Starting Materials
2.2 Choice of Reagents
2.3 Choice of Catalysts
2.4 Choice of Solvents 3. Basic Principles of Green Chemistry
3.1 Prevention of Waste/By-Products
3.2 Maximum Incorporation of the Reactants (Starting Materials and Reagents) into the Final Product
3.3 Prevention or Minimization of Hazardous Products
3.4 Designing Safer Chemicals
3.5 Energy Requirements for Synthesis
3.6 Selection of Appropriate Solvent
3 .7 Selection of Starting Materials
3.8 Use of Protecting Groups
3.9 Use of Catalyst
3.10 Products Designed Should be Biodegradable
3.11 Designing of Manufacturing Plants
3.12 Strengthening of Analytical Techniques 4. Green Chemistry in Day-to-Day Life
4.1 Dry Cleaning of Clothes
4.2 Versatile Bleaching Agent 5. Environmental Pollution 6. Green Reagent
6.1 Dimethylcarbonate
6.2 Polymer Supported Reagents 7. Green Catalysts
7.1 Acid Catalysts
7.2 Oxidation Catalysts
7.3 Basic Catalysts
7.4 Polymer Supported Catalysts 8. Phase Transfer Catalysis in Green Synthesis
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Applications of PTC in Organic Synthesis
8.3 Oxidation Using Hydrogen Peroxide Under PTC Condition
8.4 Crown Ethers 9. Microwave Induced Green Synthesis
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Applications
9.3 Conclusion 10. Ultrasound Assisted Green Synthesis
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Applications of Ultrasound
10.3 Conclusion 11. Biocatalysts in Organic Synthesis
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Biochemical (Microbial) Oxidations
11.3 Biochemical (Microbial) Reductions
11.4 Enzymes Catalysed Hydrolytic Processes 12. Aqueous Phase Reactions
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Diels-Alder Reaction
12.3 Claisen Rearrangement
12.4 Wittig-Homer Reaction
12.5 Michael Reaction
12.6 Aldol Condensation
12.7 Knoevenagel Reaction
12.8 Pinacol Coupling
12.9 Benzoin Condensation
12.10 Claisen-Schmidt Condensation
12.11 Heck Reaction
12.12 Strecker Synthesis
12.13 Wurtz Reaction
12.14 Oxidations
12.15 Reductions
12.16 Polymerisation Reactions
12.17 Photochemical Reactions
12.18 Electrochemical Synthesis
12.19 Miscellaneous Reactions in Aqueous Phase 13. Organic Synthesis in Solid State
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Solid Phase Organic Synthesis Without Using Any Solvent 13.3 Solid Supported Organic Synthesis 14. Versatile Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents
14.1 Green Solvents
14.2 Reactions in Acidic Ionic Liquids
14.3 Reactions in Neutral Ionic Liquids 15. Synthesis Involving Basic Principles of Green Chemistry: Some Examples
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Synthesis of Styrene
15.3 Synthesis of Adipic Acid, Catechol and 3-dehydroshikimic Acid (a potential replacement for BHT)
15.4 Synthesis of Methyl Methacrylate
15.5 Synthesis of Urethane
15.6 An Environmentally Benign Synthesis of Aromatic Amines 15.7 Selective Alkylation of Active Methylene Group
15.8 Free Radical Bromination
15.9 Acetaldehyde
15.10 Furfural from Biomass
15.11 Synthesis of (S)-metolachlor, an Optically Active Herbicide
15.12 Synthesis of Ibuprofen
15.13 Synthesis of Paracetamol
15.14 Green Synthesis of 3-phenyl Catechol
15.15 Synthesis of Epoxystyrene
15.16 Synthesis of Citral
15.17 Synthesis of Nicotinic Acid
15.18 Use of Molting Accelerators to Replace More Toxic and Harmful Insecticides
15.19 An Environmentally Safe Marine Antifoulant
Suggested Readings
Index