Foreword.- Preface.- Acknowledgements.- 1. Principles of Ultrasound.- Terminology.- Types of systems.- Image quality.- The ultrasound beam.- frequency of the transducer.- focus.- axial resolution.- lateral resolution.- side lobes.- reverberations.- The medium.- Manipulation of echoes.- gain control.- reject control.- gray scale.- 2. Trans-Thoracic Echocardioraphic Examination.- Position of the patient, examiner and equipment.- Standard transducer positions.- 3. Trans-esophageal Echocardiographic Examination.- Indications.- Information for the patient.- Technique of introduction.- Transducer positions.- The esophagoscope.- 4. Contrast Echocardiography.- 5. Phonocardiography and Pulse Recording.- Phonocardiogram.- Pulse recordings.- Carotid pulse recording and systolic time intervals.- Apexcardiogram.- Liver pulse recording.- 6. Principles of Doppler.- Continuous wave Doppler.- Pulsed Doppler.- Aliasing.- Angle.- Measurement of pressure differences.- Color Doppler.- Combined echo-Doppler examinations.- 7. Doppler Examination.- Mitral valve.- LV outflow tract.- Aortic valve.- Ascending and descending aorta.- Pulmonic valve.- Tricuspid valve.- SVC, IVC and hepatic veins.- 8. Heart Disease in the Adult.- Left Ventricle.- The normal left ventricle.- Echocardiographic evaluation.- transducer positions.- measurements.- Doppler evaluation.- Pulse recordings.- The abnormal left ventricle.- Local abnormalities.- wall motion.- ischemic heart disease.- conduction disturbances.- RV overload.- wall thickness.- hypertrophic (obstructive) cardiomyopathy.- thrombi.- tumors.- myocardial infarction and aneurysm.- Diffuse abnormalities.- Other diseases with myocardial involvement.- Right Ventricle.- The normal right ventricle.- Echocardiographic evaluation.- Doppler evaluation.- The abnormal right ventricle.- Right ventricular overload.- volume overload.- pressure overload.- Wall thickness.- Moderator band, double-chambered RV,.- sub-valvular pulmonic stenosis.- Pressure measurements.- Left Atrium.- The normal left atrium.- Transducer positions.- Size and measurements.- The abnormal left atrium.- Function.- Enlargement.- Right Atrium and Inferior Vena Cava.- The normal right atrium.- Transducer positions, size and measurements.- The abnormal right atrium.- Enlargement.- The inferior vena cava.- Diameters.- Aoatic Valve and Root.- The normal aortic valve and root.- In normal conditions.- In abnormal conditions.- The abnormal aortic valve and root.- Congenital abnormalities.- Aortic stenosis.- under-estimation of the severity.- over-estimation of the severity.- Aortic insufficiency.- direct features.- indirect features.- Mitral Valve.- The normal mitral valve.- Possible recordings of anatomical normal mitral leaflets.- in normal conditions.- in abnormal conditions.- The abnormal mitral valve.- Mitral insufficiency.- diagnosis and severity.- causes.- Mitral stenosis.- diagnosis and severity.- further evaluation of the severity.- under-estimation of the severity.- Pulmonic Valve.- The normal pulmonic valve.- Pulmonic stenosis.- Sub-valvular pulmonic stenosis.- Pulmonic insufficiency.- Tricuspid Valve.- The normal tricuspid valve.- Tricuspid stenosis.- Tricuspid insufficiency.- Prosthetic Valves.- Evaluation of prosthetic valve function.- Endocarditis and prosthetic valves.- Thoracic Aorta.- Coarctation.- Dissection.- Endocarditis.- Pericardial Diseases.- Pericardial effusion.- Constrictive pericarditis.- Pericardial cysts.- Congenital Cardiac Abnormalities in The Adult.- Atrial septal defect and abnormal drainage of pulmonary veins.- Ventricular septal defect.- Patent ductus arteriosus (Botalli).- Ebstein’s anomaly.- Intracardiac Masses.- Thrombi.- Myxoma’s.- Malignancies.- Questionable recordings.- 9. Echocardiography Report.- 10. Anatomy, Nomenclature and Function of the Normal Heart.- Abbreviations.
