Principles of Engineering Geology

1 Composition of Rocks.- 1.1 Origin and geological classification of rocks.- 1.2 Rock forming minerals.- 1.3 Clay minerals.- 1.4 Base exchange and water adsorption in clay minerals.- 1.5 Mineralogical identification.- 2 Rock Particles and Particle Systems.- 2.1 Rock particle classification.- 2.2 Typical rock particle systems.- 2.3 Physical properties of particulate systems.- 2.4 Permeability of particulate systems.- 2.5 Representation of stress in a soil mass.- 2.6 Effective stress.- 2.7 Frictional properties of rock particles.- 2.8 Soil deformation — drained granular media.- 2.9 Soil strength — drained granular media.- 2.10 Soil strength and deformation — clay soils.- 2.11 Pore pressure parameters.- 2.12 Rate of porewater pressure dissipation.- 2.13 The critical state concept.- 2.14 Limiting states of equilibrium.- 3 Clays and Clay Shales.- 3.1 Interparticle attraction and repulsion.- 3.2 Sediment formation and clay fabrics.- 3.3 Unstable clay fabrics.- 3.4 Glacial and periglacial clays.- 3.5 Depth — strength profiles.- 3.6 Macrostructure of overconsolidated clays and clay shales.- 3.7 Engineering influence of discontinuities in clay shales.- 3.8 Classification of clay shales.- 3.9 Consolidation and diagenetic considerations.- 3.10 Physical breakdown of shales.- 3.11 Suction pressure.- 3.12 Swelling pressure.- 3.13 Chemical and mineralogical analyses of clays.- 3.14 Relationship between mineralogy, geochemistry and geotechnical properties of clays and clay shales.- 4 Rock as a Material.- 4.1 Uniaxial strength.- 4.2 Uniaxial short-term deformation.- 4.3 Deformation mechanisms in rock.- 4.4 Complete stress — strain characteristics of rock in uniaxial compression.- 4.5 Effect of rate and duration of loading.- 4.6 Deformation and failure of rocks in triaxial compression.- 4.7 Failure criteria for rocks.- 4.8 Yield criteria.- 4.9 Rock dynamics.- 4.10 Wave transmission through rocks.- 4.11 Wave attenuation.- 4.12 Rock as a construction material.- 5 Preferred Orientation, Symmetry Concepts and Strength Anisotropy of some Rocks and Clays.- 5.1 Studies of the orientation density distribution of clay minerals and other associated minerals.- 5.2 X-ray texture goniometry.- 5.3 Symmetry concepts.- 5.4 Deformation paths.- 5.5 Deformation ellipsoid.- 5.6 Randomization.- 5.7 Symmetry elements and sub-fabrics.- 5.8 Crystallographic plane multiplicities and symmetry.- 5.9 Engineering influence of intrinsic anisotropy.- 5.10 Comparative degree of intrinsic anisotropy — mechanical evidence from rock experimentation.- 5.11 Intrinsic strength anisotropy of brittle and semi-brittle rocks comprising a dominant clay mineral control.- 5.12 Intrinsic anisotropy and sedimentation.- 5.13 Anisotropy of clay shales.- 5.14 Clay strength anisotropy.- 6 Rock Discontinuity Analysis.- 6.1 The engineering interest in discontinuities.- 6.2 Genesis and modification of fissures and slickensides.- 6.3 Controls on fissuring and fissure patterns.- 6.4 Classification of discontinuities.- 6.5 Character of discontinuities.- 6.6 Test specimen size—strength relationships.- 6.7 Stereographic representation of discontinuity data.- 6.8 Direct and inverse transformations from polar to equatorial angles.- 6.9 Linear orthogonal transformations.- 6.10 Eulerian angles.- 6.11 Discontinuity survey techniques.- 6.12 Analysis of discontinuity data.- 6.13 Influence of gouge material and surface roughness characteristics of discontinuities.- 6.14 Distributions.- 6.15 Orientation density distribution of discontinuities.- 6.16 Discontinuity shear stability in a polyaxial stress field.- 6.17 Shear strain energy concepts.- 6.18 Preliminary consideration of certain types of discontinuity structure in two dimensions.- 6.19 Statistics of scanlines through discontinuity distributions.- 6.20 Continuity.- 6.21 Preliminary shear stability analysis of discontinuities at the foundation interface of an earth or rock-fill dam.- 6.22 Stability of jointed rock in the foundation of an arch dam.- 6.23 Stability of a discontinuous clay surrounding an unlined tunnel.- 7 Site Investigation.- 7.1 Preliminary investigation.- 7.2 Aerial photographs.- 7.3 Terrain evaluation for highway projects.- 7.4 Geophysical exploration techniques.- 7.5 Seismic refraction surveying.- 7.6 Site exploration.- 7.7 Borehole logging.- 7.8 Sampling and testing.- 7.9 Site investigation reports.- 7.10 Mechanical tests in situ.- 7.11 Field monitoring techniques.- 7.12 Use of field seismic techniques in engineering geology.- 7.13 Analysis of ground vibrations.- 7.14 Marine geotechnical exploration.- 7.15 Mining subsidence.- 7.16 Probability theory in site investigation.- 7.17 What is ‘safety’ in soil and rock mechanics?.- 8 Groundwater.- 8.1 Types of subsurface water.- 8.2 Groundwater flow.- 8.3 Seepage forces.- 8.4 Drainage and drain wells.- 8.5 Permeability tests — rock.- 8.6 Permeability tests — soils.- 8.7 Economic exploitation of groundwater.- 8.8 Ownership of groundwater and permitted abstractions.- 8.9 Groundwater exploration.- 8.10 Regional investigations.- 8.11 Simulation of groundwater regimes.- 8.12 Well losses.- 8.13 Improving aquifer yield.- 8.14 Groundwater quality.- 9 Stability of Soil Slopes.- 9.1 Planar slides.- 9.2 Circular failure surfaces.- 9.3 Slope stability case histories.- 9.4 Simple wedge method of analysis.- 9.5 Use of design curves.- 9.6 Pore pressure ratio.- 9.7 Clay slopes and shear strength parameters.- 9.8 Slope angle measurements in clays and clay shales.- 9.9 Classification of gravitational mass movements in clay.- 9.10 Rock breakdown and landform development.- 9.11 Geomorphological classification of slope profile development.- 9.12 General methods of preventing slope failure.- 9.13 Highway slopes.- 9.14 Protection against coastal erosion.- 10 Rock Slope Stability.- 10.1 Geomorphological classification of rock slope instabilities.- 10.2 Classification of rock masses.- 10.3 Character of joints in rock masses.- 10.4 Engineering recognition of rock failure modes.- 10.5 Surface roughness of joints.- 10.6 Discontinuity roughness classification.- 10.7 Planar sliding and the friction cone concept.- 10.8 Instability on intersecting joint planes.- 10.9 Influence of discontinuity orientation distributions.- 10.10 Seismic influences on stability with respect to sliding.- 10.11 Instability caused by block overturning.- 10.12 General rock slope design curves.- 10.13 Slopes in highway cuttings and embankments.- 11 Ground Improvement.- 11.1 Shallow compaction.- 11.2 Deep compaction.- 11.3 Pre-loading and consolidation.- 11.4 Sand drains.- 11.5 Grout treatment.- 11.6 Fissure grouting.- 11.7 Hydrofracture.- 11.8 Cavity grouting.- 11.9 Electro-chemical stabilisation.- 11.10 Groundwater freezing.- 11.11 Bentonite suspension.- 11.12 Ground anchors.- 12 Water Resources, Reservoirs and Dams.- 12.1 Water requirements in England and Wales.- 12.2 Planning of water resources.- 12.3 Conjunctive use schemes.- 12.4 Flood and dam design parameters.- 12.5 Channel protection.- 12.6 Design capacity of a storage reservoir.- 12.7 Air-photo interpretation for catchment development.- 12.8 Geological influences upon the selection of reservoir sites.- 12.9 Foundation investigations.- 12.10 Water movement into and out of a reservoir.- 12.11 Synthetic flow generation techniques.- 12.12 Dam foundations.- 12.13 Classification of dam types according to their purpose, construction and foundation geology.- 12.14 Long term stability of earth dams.- 12.15 Dam seismicity.- References.- Supplementary References.- Author Index.