Isotopes of the Earth's Hydrosphere

<p>Preface</p><p>Part I Stable Isotopes</p><p>1 Introduction <br><br>2 Isotope Geochemistry of Natural Waters<br>2.1 Some Properties ofWaters and Solutions <br>2.1.1 The Notion of Activity and the Activity Coefficient <br>2.1.2 The Relationship between Solvent and Solute Activity<br>2.2 Water Vapor Pressure over theWater and Solution <br>2.3 Physicochemical Foundations of Isotope Separation<br>2.4 Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Separation at Phase Transition of Water <br>2.5 Relationship Between the Isotope Reaction Change Constant and the Fractionation Factor <br>2.6 Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Fractionation at Interaction BetweenWater and Gases and Rocks <br>2.7 Isotope Geothermometry <br><br>3 Isotopic Composition of OceanWater <br>3.1 Distribution of Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes and Water Dynamics <br>3.2 Effect of Evaporation and VerticalWater Exchange <br>3.3 Dynamics of the OceanWater <br>3.4 Isotopic Composition of OceanWater in the Past <br><br>4 Isotopic Composition of Atmospheric Moisture <br>4.1 Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Fractionation in the Hydrological Cycle <br>4.2 Isotopic Balance in the Global Hydrologic Cycle at Evaporation and Condensation of Water <br>4.3 Isotopic Composition of Atmospheric Water in the Past </p><p>5 Isotopic Composition of Surface Continental Waters<br>5.1 Isotopic Balance of the Continental Waters <br>5.2 Isotopic Composition of the River and Lake Water <br>5.3 Isotopic Composition of Water in Evaporating Basins <br><br>6 Isotopic Composition ofWater in the Unsaturated and Saturated Zones <br>6.1 Relationship between Surface and Ground Water <br>6.2 Groundwater Recharge at Present Time <br>6.3 Groundwater Recharge in the Past<br>6.4 Identification of Area of Groundwater Recharge <br>6.5 Relationship between Aquifers <br>6.6 Mixing Proportions of Groundwater of Different Genesis <br />6.7 Groundwater Residence Time in an Aquifer <br>6.8 Relationship ofWaters in Conjugate Hydrologic Basins </p><p>7 Isotopic Composition of FormationWaters <br>7.1 Relationship Between Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes in FormationWaters <br>7.2 Isotopic Composition of FormationWater in Sedimentary Basins </p><p>8 Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopic Composition of Sedimentary Rocks of Marine Genesis and Implications for Paleothermometry <br>8.1 Isotopic Composition of Sediments and PoreWater <br>8.2 Paleothermometry Based on the Isotopic Composition of Cherts <br>8.3 Paleothermometry Based on the Isotopic Composition of Carbonate Rocks <br>8.4 Isotopic Composition of Evaporates </p><p>9 Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopic Composition of Groundwater in Volcanic Regions <br>9.1 Use of Isotopes in Studying the Origin of Thermal Water <br>9.2 Isotopic Geothermometers </p><p>10 Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopic Composition of Minerals of Magmatic and Metamorphic Rocks and Fluid Inclusions<br>10.1 Role ofWater in Hydrothermal Alteration of the Rocks and Minerals <br>10.2 MeteoricWater in the Processes of Hydrothermal Formation of Minerals </p><p>Part II Cosmogenic Radioisotopes</p><p>11 Other Stable Isotopes in the Hydrosphere <br>11.1 Stable Isotopes of Carbon <br>11.2 Stable Isotopes of Sulfur <br><br>12 Origin and Production of Cosmogenic Radioisotopes <br>12.1 Composition of Cosmic Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere 12.2 Composition and Steady-state Abundances of Cosmogenic Radioisotopes in the Outer Shells of the Earth <br>12.3 Distribution of Cosmogenic Radioisotopes in the Exchange Reservoirs <br><br>13 Tritium in Natural Waters <br>13.1 Properties of Tritium and Sources of Its Occurrence <br>13.2 Global Circulation of Tritium Water </p><p>14 Radiocarbon in Natural Waters <br>14.1 Origin and Distribution of Radiocarbon in the Nature <br />14.2 Natural Variations of Radiocarbon in the Atmosphere and Biosphere <br>14.3 Natural Radiocarbon in the Oceans <br>14.4 Technogenic Radiocarbon in the Atmosphere and Oceans <br>14.5 Forecast of Carbon Dioxide Increase in the Atmosphere<br>14.6 Principles of Radiocarbon Dating <br>14.7 Radiocarbon Dating of Groundwater <br>14.8 Formation of Chemical and Isotonic Composition of Groundwater’s Carbonate System <br>14.9 Corrections in Groundwater Dating by Radiocarbon <br><br>Part III Radiogenic Isotopes </p><p>15 The Other Cosmogenic Isotopes in Natural Waters <br>15.1 Origin of Other Cosmogenic Radioisotopes in the Atmosphere 15.2 Distribution of Other Cosmogenic Isotopes in the Hydrosphere<br>15.3 Use of Radioisotopes as Tracers in the Hydrological Cycle </p><p>16 Production and Distribution of Radiogenic Isotopes <br>16.1 Geochemistry of Radiogenic Elements <br>16.2 Separation of Radiogenic Elements and Isotopes <br>16.3 Distribution of Radiogenic Elements in NaturalWaters <br><br>Part IV Applications </p><p>17 Dating of SurfaceWater, Groundwater, and Sediments <br>17.1 Dating of Closed Reservoirs <br>17.2 Dating of Groundwater <br>17.3 Dating of Sediments <br>17.4 Isotopes of Radiogenic Elements as Indicators of Hydrologic Processes </p><p>18 Applications to the Problems of Dynamics of Natural Waters <br>18.1 Dynamics of Moisture in the Atmosphere <br>18.2 Mixing of River and SeaWaters in Estuaries <br>18.3 Water Exchange in the River Basins, Lakes, and Reservoirs <br>18.4 Water Dynamics in Unsaturated and Saturated Zone <br>18.5 Recharge and Discharge of Groundwater <br>18.6 Relationship of Aquifers <br>18.7 Separation of RechargedWater of Different Genesis in Mining <br>18.8 Determination of Radiocarbon Age of Groundwater <br>18.9 Determination of Flow Velocity and Direction in Regional Scale<br>18.10 Paleoclimatic and Paleohydrogeologic Studies </p><p>19 Paleohydrology of the Aral-Caspian Basin <br>19.1 Formulation of the Problem <br>19.2 General Description of Study in the Caspian Sea <br>19.3 Interpretation of Paleoclimatic Events<br>19.4 Study ofWater Regime in the Aral Sea <br>19.5 Interpretation of Bottom Sediments <br>19.6 Results and Conclusions </p><p>20 The Nature and Mechanism of the Earth Shell Separation and Origin of Hydrosphere <br>20.1 Existing Approaches to the Problem Solution <br>20.2 Separation of Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes in Natural Objects <br>20.3 Evidence from Carbon and Sulfur Isotopes <br>20.4 Chemical Differentiation of Proto-Planetary Substance <br>20.5 Recent Results of Study of the Earth Gravitational Field by the Satellites <br>20.6 The Nature and Mechanism of the Earth Shell Separation <br>20.7 Physical Meaning of Archimedes’ and Coriolis’ Forces <br>20.8 Self-Similarity Principle and Radial Component of Nonuniform Sphere <br>20.9 Charges-like Motion of Nonuniformities and Tangential Component of the Force Function <br>20.10 Differentiation of the Substances with Respect to Density and Condition for the Planet and the Satellite Separation <br>20.11 The Third Kepler’s Law as a Kinematics Basis for the Solar System Bodies Creation Problem Solution <br>20.12 Conclusion </p><p>References </p><p>Index</p>