Preface.- About the authors.- Inter municipal cooperation: a wide spread phenomenon, Rudie Hulst & André van Montfort.- Belgium: Flemish inter municipal cooperation under reform, Bart de Peuter & Ellen Wayenberg.- Inter municipal cooperation in Finland: old traditions and new promises, Arto Haveri & Jenni Airaksinen.- Inter municipal cooperation in France: Incentives, instrumentality and empty shells, Karen West.- Inter local cooperation in Germany: the mismatch between existing necessities and suboptimal solutions, Werner Heinz.- Italy: the changing boundaries of inter municipal cooperation, Marcello Fedele & Giulio Moini.- The Netherlands: cooperation as the only viable strategy, Rudie Hulst & André van Montfort.- Inter municipal cooperation in Spain: dealing with microscopic local government, Eva Nieto Garrido.- The Missing Ingredient: Inter-municipal cooperation and Central-Local Relations in the UK, Josephine Kelly.- Comparative analysis and conclusions, Rudie Hulst & André van Montfort.