Introduction, Frans van Poppel and Renzo Derosas.- Theoretical and analytical Approaches to religious beliefs, values, and identities during the modern fertility transition, Katherine A. Lynch.- Religion, family, and fertility: What do we know historically and comparatively? Calvin Goldscheider.- Religious differentials in marital fertility in The Hague (Netherlands), 1860-1909, Jona Schellekens and Frans van Poppel.- Stemming the tide. Denomination and religiousness in the Dutch fertility transition, 1845-1945, Jan Kok and Jan Van Bavel.- Family limitation among political Catholics in Baden in 1869, Ernst Benz.- The evolution of religious differences in fertility: Lutherans and Catholics in Alsace, 1750-1860, Kevin McQuillan.- State institutions as mediators between religion and fertility: A comparison of two Swiss regions, 1860-1930, Anne-Francoise Praz.- Between identity and assimilation: Jewish Fertility in nineteenth-century Venice, Renzo Derosas.- The religious claim on babies in nineteenth-century Montreal, Patricia Thornton and Sherry Olson.- Religious diversity and the onset of the fertility transition: Canada, 1870-1900, Danielle Gauvreau.- Religion and the decline of fertility: Conclusions, David I. Kertzer.- References.- Index.