Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease

Prologue: how far have we come?.- What a dumb way to designate germs.- Recollections of a hepatitis investigator: 1940–1993.- The hepatitis viruses: accomplishments and problems.- How far have we come, and where are we going? 3 years after 1990.- How far have we come and where are we going?: pathogen-oriented prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan in 1993.- Hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D, & E.- 1. Perspectives.- The hepatitis viruses: an overview.- Recent advances in understanding the molecular virology of hepatoviruses: contrasts and comparisons with hepatitis C virus.- Hepatocarcinogenic mechanisms in hepadnavirus-infected hosts.- The hepatitis C virus: genetic organization, persistence, and vaccine strategies.- The molecular biology of hepatitis delta virus: recent advances.- Molecular and serological characteristics of hepatitis E virus.- 2. Taxonomy.- Classification and taxonomy of hepatitis viruses: summary of a Workshop.- Taxonomic classification of hepatitis A virus.- Classification and taxonomy of the hepadnaviruses: current status.- Derivation of a rational nomenclature for hepatitis C virus by phylogenetic analysis of the NS-5 region.- The taxonomy of hepatitis delta virus.- Hepatitis E virus: some characteristics relevant to virus classification.- New hepatitis virus(es)?.- New agent(s) to cause hepatitis?: summary of a Specialty Session.- Candidate hepatitis F virus in sporadic non-A, non-B acute liver failure: exclusion in liver of hepatitis viruses A, E, C and B by polymerase chain reaction.- Non-A, non-B, non-C, non-E acute hepatitis: does it really exist?.- Clinical and laboratory features of acute community-acquired non-A, non-B, non-C hepatitis.- Chronic non-A, non-B, non-C hepatitis in French blood donors assessed with HCV third-generation tests and polymerase chain reaction.- Evidence for parenterally transmitted non-A, non-B, non-C, non-D, non-E hepatitis in Russia.- Biology.- Molecular biology of hepatitis B virus.- Expression of defective hepatitis B (HBV)-DNA, synthesized from a singly spliced HBV-RNA, leads to cytoplasmic accumulation of capsid and X proteins.- Methods for the purification of enzymatically active reverse transcriptase of duck hepatitis B virus.- Some aspects of hepatitis C virus: a review and a hypothesis.- In vivo and in vitro replication, expression, processing, and assembly of hepatitis C virus: summary of a Speciality Session.- Molecular biology of pestiviruses and comparison with HCV.- Virus-like particles in the liver of an owl monkey inoculated with hepatitis C virus.- Useful markers for predicting in vivo infectivity of hepatitis C virus.- HCV-specific translation initiation.- Translation initiation mechanism on hepatitis C virus RNA.- Mapping of the internal ribosome entry site at the 5? end of the hepatitis C virus genome.- Secondary structure and protein-binding activities of the 5? nontranslated region of the hepatitis C virus genome.- Hepatitis C virus polyprotein processing.- Processing mechanisms of nonstructural proteins of hepatitis C virus.- Immunoelectron microscopic localization of processed core protein of hepatitis C virus in COS cells.- The physical state of the negative strand of hepatitis C virus RNA in serum.- Immunology and pathogenesis.- 1. Immunopathogenesis.- Cellular immune responses to hepatitis viruses: summary of a Specialty Session.- Studies of cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity in tamarins with acute hepatitis A virus infection.- Adoptive transfer of immunity to hepatitis B through bone marrow transplantation from immunized donors.- Peptide recognition and competition, T cell receptor usage, and HLA restriction elements of T cell clones specific to a determinant of hepatitis B virus core and e antigens in chronic type B hepatitis.- A method to detect hepatitis B virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in patients with acute and chronic HBV infection.- The role of the cytotoxic T lymphocytes response in hepatitis B virus immunobiology and pathogenesis.- Variable region usage in T lymphocytes infiltrating liver tissues of chronic liver diseases.- In vitro immune responses specific for NS3 regional peptide (C7) and core regional peptide (C11) of HCV in chronic hepatitis C.- Recognition of hepatitis C virus nucleocapsid protein-derived peptides by cytotoxic T lymphocytes.- Hepatitis C virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes restricted by HLA-A2 are present in the peripheral blood of patients with chronic hepatitis C.- In vitro studies on the effects of hepatitis C virus on hemopoiesis.- Pathobiology of fulminant hepatitis.- 2. Hepatitis C Virus and Autoimmunity.- Autoimmune hepatitis.- HCV in autoimmune and extrahepatic syndromes: synopsis of a Specialty Session.- Mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of cryoglobulinemia in patients with chronic hapatitis C and other causes of chronic liver diseases.- Clinical, immunological, and virological features of HCV-associated membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.- Is hepatitis C virus infection a trigger of porphyria cutanea tarda?.- Contribution of hepatitis C virus infection to the development of Sjögren’s syndrome in Japan.- Reactivity of sera from Japanese patients with type 2 autoimmune hepatitis to peptides derived from host genes, cytochrome HLD8-2 and GOR.- Genetic variation of hepatitis viruses.- 1. HBV.- The meanings of mutations in and around pre-C/C and pre-S/S regions of HBV: summary of a Specialty Session.- Genetic and biological characterization of two hapatitis B virus variants: a precore mutant implicated in fulminant hepatitis and a surface mutant resistant to immunoprophylaxis.- Vaccine-associated mutants of hepatitis B virus.- A novel antibody escape variant (Ala 144) of hepatitis B virus in an identical twin before selection in the mother.- Hepatitis B virus variants with altered a determinants causing infections in immunized children.- Hepatitis B virus precore mutants.- Wild-type and HBeAg-minus HBV fluctuations: cause or effect of chronic hepatitis B pathogenic mechanisms?.- Nucleotide sequence analysis of the precore region in patients with fulminant hepatitis B in the USA.- Base pairing in the pregenome encapsidation signal of HBV: a clue for the prevalence of naturally occurring HBeAg-minus precore mutations.- Core protein evolution after selection of hepatitis B precore mutants and correlation with disease severity.- Mutations in the core nucleotide sequence of hepatitis B virus correlate with severe liver damage.- 2. HCV.- Diversity of the classification and nomenclature systems for hepatitis C virus genotypes: a proposed solution to the present confusion.- The molecular diversity of hepatitis C virus and its clinical significance: summary of a Satellite Symposium.- Molecular evolutionary classification of hepatitis C viruses and their divergence times.- Sequence analysis of the 5? noncoding region reveals the existence of multiple hepatitis C virus genotypes in Quebec, Canada.- Hepatitis C virus genotypes: an investigation of type-specific differences in geographic origin and disease.- A distinct genetic group of hepatitis C virus circulating within the former Soviet Union.- Sequence analysis of hepatitis C virus obtained from Indonesian patients and identification of novel sequence variants.- Low prevalence of anti-El antibodies reactive to recombinant type 1b E1 envelope protein in type 2,3, and 4 HCV sera, but high prevalence in subtypes 1a and 1b.- The use of a line probe assay as a tool to detect new types or subtypes of the hapatitis C virus.- Distinct subtypes of hepatitis C virus defined by antibodies directed to the putative core, NS4, and NS5 region polypeptides.- Sequencing and genotyping of hepatitis C virus in patients with autoimmune hepatitis type 2.- Hepatitis C virus hypervariable region may confer escape from immunosurveillance.- Diagnosis.- 1. HCV.- New methods for HCV diagnosis: summary of a Specialty Session.- Current and future status of hepatitis C virus diagnosis: summary of a Satellite Symposium.- Antibody profile of blood donors infected with hepatitis C virus.- Recombinant proteins and synthetic peptides containing antigenic epitopes of the hepatitis C virus proteins and development of a new diagnostic test format.- Earlier detection of anti-HCV seroconversion in post-transfusion NANBH by a prototype HCV 3.0 ELISA.- Blood screening for asymptomatic hepatitis C virus carriers with second-generation hepatitis C virus antibody assays.- An automated diagnostic assay for HCV.- Replicative level of HCV determined by the competitive reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction assay in various stages of chronic HCV infection.- Three-band nested double PCR for semiquantitation of hepatitis C virus in donated blood: comparison with antibody and alanine aminotransferase level.- 2. HEV.- Diagnosis and epidemiology of HEV: summary of a Specialty Session.- Assay development of diagnostic tests for hepatitis E.- Recombinant antigens and synthetic peptides for serodiagnosis of Hepatitis E virus infection.- Hepatitis E among refugees in Kenya: minimal apparent person-to-person transmission, evidence for age-dependent disease expression, and new serologic assays.- Epidemiology.- 1. Global Perspectives.- Viral hepatitis In Africa In The 90s: facing realities.- Viral hepatitis in Asia: summary of a plenary session.- Hepatitis in the South Pacific.- Global perspective of viral hepatitis and liver disease: the Western Pacific.- Hepatitis in Indonesia.- Viral hepatitis in India.- Viral hepatitis In the Philippines: a perspective.- Perspective of viral hepatitis in Thailand.- Etiology of chronic Liver Disease In Nepal.- Epidemiology of hepatitis e virus (HEV): a cohort study in Kathmandu, Nepal.- Epidemiology of hepatitis B and C in China.- Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in Nanjing, southern China.- Viral hepatitis in Taiwan: status in the 1990s.- Relative etiologic role of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus in chronic liver diseases among age-specific groups in Korea.- Viral hepatitis in Japan.- Viral hepatitis in the former Soviet Union.- A seroprevalence study of hepatitis E in Europe and the Middle East.- Perspectives on viral hepatitis elimination in Europe.- Viral hepatitis in North America.- 2. Mode of Transmission.- Transmission patterns in hepatitis C virus infection.- Hepatitis C virus infections in U.S. families.- Sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus.- Transmission of hepatitis C virus through needlestick accidents in health care workers.- HCV-positive, HIV-1-negative mothers transmit HCV.- Prospective study of mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus.- Serial follow-up of hepatitis C virus RNA and antibody in infants born to hepatitis C virus positive but human immunodeficiency virus negative mothers.- Mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus: a prospective study.- 3. High-Risk Groups.- Hepatitis C virus infection in health care workers.- Evidence of HCV infection by means of RIBA in a population of drug abusers.- Serological response to hepatitis C virus (HCV) in serial bleeds from hemodialysis patients.- Hepatitis C virus RNA in anti-HCV-positive hemodialyzed patients: significance and therapeutic implications.- Hepatitis C after kidney transplantation.- Prevention.- 1. Overviews.- Prevention.- Strategies for the development of hepatitis C and E vaccine: summary of a Breakfast Workshop.- New hepatitis A and B vaccines: summary of a Specialty Session.- A new vaccine for the prevention of hepatitis A: summary of a Satellite Symposium.- Toward zero occurrence of post-transfusion hepatitis: summary of a Specialty Session.- 2. Vaccine.- Hepatitis A vaccine development in Japan.- Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a combined hepatitis A and B vaccine in healthy adults.- Prevention of hepatitis B infection.- Prevention of hepatitis B in Asia.- Implementation of hepatitis B virus vaccination in Latin America: current and future perspective of a global action.- The immunogenicity and reactogenicity of combined tetravalent diphteria, tetanus, pertussis and hepatitis B vaccine in infants.- Vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus and its prevention in Japan.- Clinical trial of a preS2-containing recombinant hepatitis B vaccine.- The use of a preS2-containing recombinant vaccine for the prevention of maternal transmission of hepatitis B virus in Indonesian neonates.- Clinical experience with the preSl-containing hepatitis B vaccine (HG-3) in different non responder groups.- Immunogenicity of a mammalian cell-derived recombinant hepatitis B vaccine containing preS2 and preS1 antigens: a preliminary report.- Vaccination of hepatitis E virus.- 3. Post-Transfusion Hepatitis.- Posttransfusion hepatitis in the United States.- Prevention of post-transfusion hepatitis in Japan.- Transfusion-associated hepatitis (TAH) in polytransfused thalassemic children following the introduction of anti-HCV donor screening in Sardinia.- Effect of donor blood screening for anti-HCV antibody by the second-generation passive hemagglutination test on the incidence of post-transfusion hepatitis.- Hepatitis C viremia and serologic profile in post-transfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis.- Presence of detectable HCV-RNA in the absence of positive HCV serology in blood donors infected with HTLV-I/II.- Detection and quantitation of HCV-RNA in immune globulins produced by Cohn-Oncley fractionation of human plasma.- Immunoglobulin safety related to testing for antibody to hepatitis C virus.- Treatment.- 1. Interferon.- Cytokines in the treatment of human diseases: introduction and summary of a Plenary Session.- Cytokines in the treatment of human disease: the interferon system—from the laboratory to the clinic.- Basic research and clinical application of natural interferon-ß: summary of a Satellite Symposium.- Treatment of hepatitis C with interferon: mechanism of action of interferon.- A randomized, controlled trial of interferon-ß treatment for acute hepatitis C.- Outcome of acute hepatitis C and role of alpha interferon therapy.- Treatment of chronic hepatitis C with interferon-?.- Changes in levels of HCV-RNA and hepatitis C viral antigen associated with interferon- alpha therapy of chronic hepatitis C.- Predictors of alpha interferon response in patients with chronic hepatitis C.- High virus titer, slow virus decrease, genotype II, and sequence variability of E2/NS1 HVR predict poor response to interferon therapy in chronic hepatitis C.- More reasons for hope in the therapy of chronic hepatitis C.- Breakthrough in chronic hepatitis C during recombinant alpha interferon therapy.- Hepatitis C viral RNA and hepatic cytokine expression in chronic hepatitis C: effects of alpha interferon therapy.- Relationship between serum 2-5AS activity and the reduction of HCV-RNA during interferon therapy.- Long-term histologic improvement and persistent HCV replication in patients with chronic hepatitis C having responded to recombinant alpha interferon.- Interferon therapy in chronic hepatitis C and liver histology.- Ribavirin or alpha interferon treatment of chronic hepatitis C: assessment of antiviral efficacy.- 2. Others.- Non-interferon treatment of viral hepatitis: addendum to a summary of a Breakfast Workshop.- Effect of the polysaccharide Sizofiran, an immunotherapeutic agent, on HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis.- Clinical effect of an immunostimulant agent, propagermanium, in chronic hepatitis B.- Experience in Germany with glycyrrhizinic acid for the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis.- Therapeutic approach to the chronic active liver disease: summary of a Satellite Symposium.- Hepatocellular carcinoma.- 1. Overviews.- Current issues in hepatocellular carcinoma: hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and the p53 tumor suppressor gene: summary of a Plenary Session 5.- Viral hepatocarcinogenesis: addendum to a summary of a Breakfast Workshop.- Type C hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma: summary of a Specialty Session.- Virus and host genes in HCC: summary of a Specialty Session.- Chemoprevention of hepatocellular carcinoma: summary of a Satellite Symposium.- 2. Epidemiology.- Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma.- Hepatitis B and C virus infections in hepatocellular carcinoma and their prevention.- Chronological changes of hepatitis B and C virus markers in Japanese patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.- Hepatitis B and C in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in Brazil.- Association between hepatitis B and C virus infection and Chinese hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-control study.- A study of the prevalence of anti-HCV in hepatocellular carcinoma associated with cirrhosis.- Antibody pattern of HCV infection and hepatocellular carcinoma in Italy: a case control study.- Hepatitis C virus infection and replication in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.- Close correlation between the rate of mortality due to hepatocellular carcinoma and the carrier rate of HCV, especially HCV genotype II (or 1b).- Type C hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan.- 3. Carcinogenesis.- Mechanisms of activation of cellular gene expression by integrated HBV-DNA.- The role of integrated hepadnavirus sequences in hepatocellular carcinoma.- Analysis of HBV integration sites in liver tumors without accompanying cirrhosis.- Integrated viral sequences may contribute in cis and in trans to hepatocarcinogenesis in woodchuck hepatitis virus-infected woodchucks.- Mitogenic activity of hepatitis B virus HBx gene in vivo and in vitro.- Dual control of human hepatitis B virus X protein.- The AP1 transcription factor as a model to study the modulation of intracellular signalling pathways by the hepatitis B virus transactivator pX.- Contribution of HBV X gene expression to hepatic carcinogenesis.- Rate of persistence, structure, and expression of HBV genome in HCC developing in HBsAg-negative patients.- Loss of tumor suppressor genes in HCC in Japan and Australia.- Duck hepatocellular carcinoma from a high incidence area: analysis for duck hepatitis B virus infection and p53 mutation.- 4. Diagnosis and Treatment.- Image diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma.- Noninvasive treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma.- Epilogue.- 1. Where are we going?.- Where are we going?—Toward continued victory over viruses.- From here to 1996.- Jazz and all that HCV: “From Molecules to More Cures”.- 2. Appendix.- Something perhaps unique to the 1993ISVHLD: statistics and acknowledgments.- Indices.- 1. Author Index.- 2. Key Word Index.