Clean Production

I: Sustainable Development in 21st Century.- 1. Environment, Economy and Performance: Three Pillars to Prosperity.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Unique Planet — Earth.- 3 The Problems of Planet — Earth.- 4 Environmental Perspective of Development.- 5 Energy-related Problems.- 6 Disruption of Ecological Balance.- 7 Economic Perspective of Development.- 8 Performance Perspective of Development.- 9 New Pathways for Sustainable Development.- 10 Remedial Measures.- 11 Organisation of the Book.- 12 Conclusions.- References.- 2. Prosperity of Nations in the 21st Century.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Renewable Resources, Renewable Wealth.- 3 Creating Zero Waste Economies.- 4 Friendly Energy.- 5 Industries of the Future.- 6 Clean and Competitive Manufacturing.- 7 Conclusions.- References.- 3. Strategic Technological Pathways for Sustainable Development.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Sustainability and Policy Issues.- 3 The Quest for Strategic Technological Pathways.- 4 Profile of the Proposed Pathways.- 5 Conclusions.- References.- II: Cleaner Production.- 4. Basic Concepts of Cleaner Technologies.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Effect of Industrial Activity on Environment.- 3 Cleaner Technologies.- 4 Users of Cleaner Technologies.- 5 Methodology.- 6 Advantages.- 7 Conclusions.- References.- 5. Formal Methods for Designing Cleaner Processes.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Environmental Critical Examination.- 3 Computer-aided Design of Clean Processes.- 4 Conclusions.- References.- 6. Removing Obstacles in the Implementation of Cleaner Production.- 1 Introduction.- 2 A Conceptual Framework for the Classification of Cleaner Production.- 3 Factors Influencing the Adoption of Cleaner Production.- 4 Recommendations.- 5 Conclusions.- 7. An Integrated Approach to Cleaner Production.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Attitudes toward Environment.- 3 From Environmental Technology to Cleaner Production.- 4 Cleaner Production within European Corporations.- 5 Towards a Cleaner Production Paradigm.- 6 Developments in Orientations of Business Management.- 7 Conclusions.- References.- 8. Cleaner Production Case Studies.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Cleaner Production Demonstration Project.- 3 The Case Studies.- 4 Conclusions.- References.- 9. Cleaner Production for Electroplating Industry.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Plating Process Sequence.- 3 Sources and Characteristics of Electroplating Waste.- 4 Environmental Impacts.- 5 Material Substitution.- 6 Electroplating Wastes Treatment.- 7 Waste Minimization.- 8 Rinse Water Recycling.- 9 Wastewater Reclamation.- 10 A Case Study.- 11 Conclusion.- References.- 10. UNIDO Technical Assistance for Cleaner Production.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Importance of Cleaner Production.- 3 The Role of UNIDO.- 4 UNIDO Activities.- 5 Conclusion.- References.- III: Environmental Perspective.- 11. Environmental Impact Statement.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Scope of EIS.- 3 Preparation of EIS.- 4 An Outline of a Good EIS.- 5 Interdisciplinary Teamwork.- 6 Future Development.- 7 Conclusions.- References.- 12. Environmental Disclosure and the U. S. Securities Laws.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Regulatory Framework.- 3 Accounting for Contingent Liabilities.- 4 Review of Sample SEC Filings.- 5 The Reform Agenda at the SEC.- 6 SEC Plan for Implementation.- 7 Alternative Courses of Action.- 8 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 13. Environmental Technology and Industrial Development in India.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Environmental Perspective of Economic Sectors.- 3 Sustainable Development.- 4 Agenda for Sustainable Development.- 5 Structural Economic Change.- 6 Role of Environmental Impact & Risk Asssessment and Environmental Audit.- 7 Priority Areas of Environmental Action.- 8 Conclusion.- 9 Acknowledgement.- References.- 14. Future Role of Anaerobic Digestion in Municipal Waste Management.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Current Situation.- 3 Waste Composition.- 4 Anaerobic Digestion.- 5 The AD Technology.- 6 Technical and Economic Considerations.- 7 Conclusion.- References.- 15. Biotechnology Applications in an Environmental Perspective.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Living Nature: Energy, Universal Biomolecules and Exchange of Information.- 3 What is Biotechnology ?.- 4 Biotechnology and Energy: Conversion and Storage of Solar Energy.- 5 Biotechnology and Agriculture: New Possibilities and New Risks ?.- 6 Biotechnology and Industry: About New Products and Processes.- 7 Biotechnology and the Environment: From Clean-up to Preventive Technology.- 8 Conclusions.- References.- 16. Environmental Life Cycle Assessment: A Basis for Sustainable Product Development.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Life Cycle Assessment.- 3 Goal Definition and Scoping.- 4 Inventory Analysis.- 5 Impact Assessment.- 6 Improvement Assessment.- 7 Comparison of Qualitative and Quantitative Assessments.- 8 Application of LCA.- 9 Conclusions and Perspectives.- References.- 17. The Product Life Cycle Analysis Revisited.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Total Product LCAs and Project EIAs.- 3 Discussion.- 4 Suggetions for Further Investigation.- 5 Conclusions.- References.- 18. Environmental Life Cycle Assessment and Cost Analysis.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Current Issues.- 3 Life-cycle Assessment.- 4 Economic Analysis.- 5 Case Studies.- 6 Conclusions.- References.- IV: Economic Perspective.- 19. Basic Economic Concepts of Cleaner Production.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Problems of Future Development.- 3 Weaknesses of the Traditional Economic Analysis.- 4 Introducing a New Production Function.- 5 Thermodynamic Interpretation of Economic Process.- 6 Reconciliating Economy and Ecology.- 7 Distinction between Waste and Deterioration of Environment.- 8 Conclusions.- References.- 20. Ecological Economics and Environmental Policies: A European View.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Neoclassical and Ecological Views of the Economy.- 3 Indicators, Limits and Instruments.- 4 Internalization of Externalities in Neoclassical Environmental Economics.- 5 Can There be Environmentally-correct Prices ?.- 6 Sustainable Development versus Ecological Economy.- 7 International Implecations of Sustainability.- 8 Bottom-up Policies versus Top-down Intsruments.- 9 New European Agricultural Policy.- 10 Conclusions.- References.- 21. Resource Scarcity as a Stimulus for Advantageous Innovations.- 1 Introduction.- 2 New Resource Utilization Criteria and Innovation.- 3 Reconciling Enterprises and Benefits to Society.- 4 Case Studies.- 5 Knowledge and Substitution as Strategic Factors.- 6 Conclusions.- References.- 22. Coupling Strategies and Modelling of Integrated Biomass Refining Concept.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Coupling Scenarios for the Valorization of Fibro-energetic Crops.- 3 Mass and Energy Balance of Integrated Biomass Refining of Wheat Crop.- 4 Mass and Energy Balance of Integrated Biomass Refining of Sugarcane Crop.- 5 Mass and Energy Balance of Integrated Refining Sweet Sorghum Crop.- 6 Results and Discussion.- 7 Conclusions.- References.- 23. Raw Material Management as a First Step Towards Sustainability.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Sustainability and Industrial Production.- 3 Material Management in Production Processes.- 4 Economic Considerations in Material Management.- 5 Case Studies.- 6 Conclusions.- References.- 24. Waste Minimisation/Elimination: A Key to Successful Business.- 1 Introduction.- 2 3P — Program.- 3 3P — Methodology.- 4 Case Studies.- 5 Gains from Various Innovations.- 6 Resource Recovery and Recycling.- 7 Conclusions.- References.- 25. High Performance Sewage Treatment for Reduced Infrastructure Costs.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Trade-offs Between Physio-chemical Lamella Separators and Aerated Biofiltration.- 3 Aerated Biofilters: Ten Years Old and Full of Future.- 4 Minimising Nuisances by Covering Compact Sewage Treatment Plants.- 5 Conclusions.- References.- 26. The Energy Audit.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Energy Efficiency.- 3 What is the purpose of Energy Use?.- 4 General Energy Management.- 5 The Energy Audit.- 6 Boiler Efficiency.- 7 Improving Energy Efficiency.- 8 The Use of Electricity.- 9 Waste Recovery Options.- 10 Transportation.- 11 Energy Management.- 12 Discharge Management.- 13 Conclusions.- References.- 27. Energy from Municipal Solid Waste: An Economic Analysis.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Energy from Waste Material.- 3 Economical Alternatives.- 4 Making MSW a Viable Source of Energy.- 5 Proceeding with an MSW-Energy Project.- 6 Implementation.- 7 Conclusions.- References.- 28. Industrial Plant Process Flow/Energy Analysis.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Industrial Process Classification.- 3 Methodology for an Industrial Plant Process Flow/Energy Analysis.- 4 Case Study : Fluid Milk Process (SIC 2026).- 5 Conclusion.- References.- 29. Energy Models and Cost Models for Water Pollution Control.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Mathematical Models of Water Pollution Control Technologies.- 3 Verification, Documentation and Application of Energy and Cost Models.- 4 Conclusions.- References.- V: Performance Perspective.- 30. Performance Perspective for Cleaner Production.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Quality.- 3 Reliability.- 4 Maintenance.- 5 From Failures to Plant Accidents.- 6 Risk.- 7 Risk Analysis.- 8 Environmental Risk.- 9 Conclusions.- References.- 31. Evaluating Engineering to Ensure a Sustainable Environment.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Risk Assessment, Risk Management and Decision-making.- 3 The Mechanics of Trading Risks and Balancing Costs.- 4 Data Presentation and Uncertainty.- 5 Conclusions.- References.- 32. Reducing Risk by Controlling the Environment.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Mathematical Ecotoxicity.- 3 Control Theory.- 4 The Transfer Function.- 5 Networks and Ecosystems.- 6 Feedback loops and the Environment.- 7 Optimizing Environmental Quality.- 8 Applications.- 9 General Control Equations Expressing Toxicity as a Function of Chemical Structure.- 10 Computer Simulation, Modeling and Control of Environmental quality.- 11 Conclusions.- References.- VI: Future Strategies.- 33. Molecular Manufacturing: A Future Technology for Cleaner Production.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Implications of Nanotechnology.- 3 From Nanotechnology to Molecular Manufacturing.- 4 Molecular Engineering: An Approach to Molecular Manipulation.- 5 Possible Applications.- 6 Current Status of R&D.- 7 Conclusions.- References.- 34. Education and Manpower Development in Cleaner Production.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Need for Changes in Knowledge and Attitudes.- 3 Training for Cleaner Production in Companies.- 4 Training of Public Authorities in Fostering Cleaner Production in Companies.- 5 University Education for Cleaner Production.- 6 Cleaner Production in Engineering Curricula.- 7 Cleaner Production in Business, Management and Social Science Curricula.- 8 How to Develop Cleaner Production Activities at Universities.- 9 Conclusion.- References.- About the Editor.- About the Contributors.