Immune Reactions

1 Cytokines, Growth Factors, Chemokines and their receptors.- 1.1 Overview.- 1.1.1 Cytokines in Hematopoiesis.- 1.1.2 Classification of Growth Factors.- 1.1.3 Receptors for Cytokines.- 1.1.4 Receptors for Growth Factors.- 1.1.5 Characteristics of Chemokines.- 1.1.6 Neutrophil-Activating Peptides.- 1.2 Characteristics of Mediators, Receptors.- 1.2.1 SCF, IL-1, IL-1 RA.- 1.2.2. IL-2.- 1.2.3 IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6.- 1.2.4 LIF, IL-7, IL-8.- 1.2.5 IL-10, IL-11, IL-12, IL-13.- 1.2.6 GM-CSF, G-CSF, M-CSF, Erythropoietin, Thrombopoietin, IFN Gamma.- 1.2.7 IGF, TNF, TGF, PDGF, EGF, FGF.- 1.2.8 Oncostatin, CNTF.- 1.2.9 Approaches to Inhibit the Biological Effect of Growth Factors.- 2 Cell-Adhesion Molecules.- 2.1 Overview.- 2.1.1 Classification.- 2.1.2 Function.- 2.2 Characteristics.- 2.2.1 Immunoglobulin Gene Superfamily Type.- 2.2.2 Integrin Type.- 2.2.3 Cell Distribution.- 2.2.4 Binding Partners.- 2.2.5 Modulation of Expression and Function.- 2.2.6 Structure and Function of CD44.- 2.2.7 Structure and Function of Cadherins.- 3 Antigen Presentation.- 3.1 Overview.- 3.2 Details.- 3.2.1 Dendritic Cells.- 3.2.2 Antigen-Binding Molecules.- 3.2.3 MHC Genes.- 3.2.4 Regulation of MHC Gene Expression.- 3.2.5 Loading of Antigen-Presenting Molecules.- 3.2.6 Antigen Presentation by B-Cells.- 3.2.7 Expression of MHC Molecules.- 3.2.8 Modulation of Expression of MHC Molecules.- 4 Differentiation of T-Cells.- 4.1 Overview.- 4.2 Details.- 4.2.1 T-Cell Development.- 4.2.2 The T-Cell Receptor.- 4.2.3 The CD4 Molecule.- 4.2.4 The CD8 Molecule.- 4.2.5 Activation of T-Cells by Antigen-Presenting Cells.- 4.2.6 Signal Transduction After Activation of the TCR Complex.- 4.2.7 Activation of T Cells.- 4.2.8 Activation of Memory T-Cells.- 4.2.9 Pharmacological Intervention of T-Cell Activation.- 5 Superantigens.- 5.1 Overview.- 5.1.1 Comparison Between Conventional Antigens and Superantigens.- 5.1.2 Function.- 5.2 Details.- 5.2.1 Foreign Superantigens.- 5.2.2 Self-Superantigens of Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV).- 6 Differentiation of B-Cells.- 6.1 Overview.- 6.2 Details.- 6.2.1 B-Cell Development.- 6.2.2 The B-Cell Receptor.- 6.2.3 Transcriptional Control of Ig Heavy- and Ig Light-Chain Genes.- 7 Antibody Formation.- 7.1 Overview.- 7.2 Details.- 7.2.1 VDJ Recombination.- 7.2.2 Cooperation of B-Cells with T Cells.- 7.2.3 B-Cell Differentiation in Lymph Nodes.- 7.2.4 Main Cytokines Involved in Differentiation to Plasma Cells.- 8 Fc Receptors and Antibody Interaction.- 8.1 Overview.- 8.2 Details.- 8.2.1 Properties of Murine Fc Receptors.- 8.2.2 Human Fc Receptors.- 8.2.3. Modulation by Cytokines.- 8.2.4 Release of Immunoglobulin Binding Proteins (IBFs) and Its Modulation.- 8.2.5 Blockage of Antibody Production.- 9 Generation of the IgA Response.- 9.1 Overview.- 9.2 Details.- 9.2.1 Properties of Secretory and Serum IgA.- 9.2.2 Circulation and Metabolization of IgA.- 9.2.3 Enteral IgA Response.- 9.2.4 Secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in Tears.- 10 Complement Activation and Inhibition.- 10.1 Overview.- 10.1.1 Classification.- 10.1.2 Activation.- 10.1.3 Blockage of Comlement Mediated Lysis by Nucleated Cells.- 10.2 Details.- 10.2.1 Function of Complement Inhibitors.- 10.2.2 Activity of Complement Split Products on Cells.- 10.2.3 Complement Receptors.- 10.2.4 Interactions Between Complement Components and Platelets.- 10.2.5 Resistance of Nucleated Cells (NC) to Lysis by Membrane Attacking Complex (MAC) of Complement.- 10.2.6 Activation of Nucleated Cells by Membrane Attacking Complex.- 10.2.7 Diseases Associated with Inherited or Acquired Deficiency of Complement Components.- 10.2.8 Approaches for Immunotherapy with Regulators of Complement Activation.- 11 Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity.- 11.1 Overview.- 11.2 Details.- 11.2.1 Cytotoxicity by T-Lymphocytes.- 11.2.2 Cellular Cytotoxicity via Mechanisms Not Involving Recognition of Antigens Presented by MHC-1.- 12 Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Reaction.- 12.1 Overview.- 12.1.1 Cascades of the Inflammatory Response.- 12.1.2 Central Role of the Hageman Factor.- 12.1.3 Complexity of Interactions (Cells, Cytokines, Mediators).- 12.2 Details.- 12.2.1 Activation and Action of Kinins.- 12.2.2 Biological Action of Mediators of the Arachidonic Acid Pathway.- 12.2.3 Diseases Associated with Prominent Neutrophil Infiltrates.- 12.2.4 Metabolic Changes Induced by Cytokines.- 12.2.5 Putative Mechanism of the Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Reaction.- 12.2.6 Approaches for the Therapy of Inflammatory Reactions.- 13 Interactions with Endothelial Cells.- 13.1 Overview.- 13.1,1 Granulocytes and Endothelial Cells.- 13.1.2 Lymphocytes and Endothelial Cells.- 13.2 Details.- 13.2.1 Activation of Endothelial Cells.- 13.2.2 Endothelium-Derived Relaxing Factors (EDRF).- 13.2.3 Endothelium-Derived Contracting Factors (EDCF).- 13.2.4 Immunological Aspects of Artheriosclerosis.- 14 Involvement of the Clotting System and Platelets.- 14.1 Overview.- 14.2 Details.- 14.2.1 Inhibition of Coagulation in Normal Epithelium.- 14.2.2 Effect of Growth Factors and Cytokines on Plasminogen Activator Secretion.- 14.2.3 Activation and Aggregation of Platelets.- 14.2.4 Role of Transforming Growth Factor-?.- 14.2.5 Arachidonic Acid Metabolism in Platelets.- 14.2.6 Inhibitors of Platelet Aggregation.- 14.2.7 Modulation of Platelet Aggregation In Vivo.- 14.2.8 Cytokines that Stimulate Megakaryocytopoiesis.- 15 Enzymatic Degradation of Extracellular Matrix.- 15.1 Overview.- 15.1.1 Destruction of Extracellular Matrix.- 15.1.2 Interaction of Proteases.- 15.2 Details.- 15.2.1 Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP).- 15.2.2 Cellular Proteases.- 15.2.3 Modulation of Secretion of Cellular Proteases.- 16 Angiogenesis.- 16.1 Overview.- 16.2 Details.- 16.2.1 Angiogenic or Mitogenic Peptides.- 16.2.2 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor.- 16.2.3 Balance Between uPA/PAT 1 and FGF/TGF-?.- 16.2.4 Inhibitors of Angiogenesis.- 17 Systemic Inflammatory Reaction Syndrome.- 17.1 Overview.- 17.2 Details.- 17.2.1 Pathophysiological Pathways.- 17.2.2 Role of LBS Binding Protein.- 17.2.3 Role of Complement and Neutrophils.- 17.2.4 Approaches to Influencing SIRS.- 18 Immune Complex Mediated Diseases.- 18.1 Overview.- 18.2 Details.- 18.2.1 Conformational Change of Antibody.- 18.2.2 Effector Function of Immunoglobulins.- 18.2.3 Size of Immune Complexes.- 18.2.4 Inhibition/Solubilization of IC by Complement.- 18.2.5 Elimination of IC.- 18.2.6 IC Diseases Associated with Changes in the Expression of CR-1, CR-2, CR-3, C-IA (INH).- 18.2.7 Approaches for Therapy of IC Diseases.- 19 Allergic Diseases.- 19.1 Overview.- 19.2 Details.- 19.2.1 Modulation of IgE Secretion by Cytokines.- 19.2.2 Allergic Inflammation.- 19.2.3 Role of Langerhans Cells.- 19.2.4 Role of Fc? RII (CD23).- 19.2.5 Histamine-Releasing Factors (HRF).- 19.2.6 Treatment of Allergic Diseases.- 20 Autoimmune Diseases.- 20.1 Overview.- 20.1.1 Reasons for Autoimmune Reactions.- 20.1.2 Autoantibodies in Normal Persons.- 20.1.3 Role of B-Cells and T-Helper Cells in Autoimmune Diseases.- 20.2 Details.- 20.2.1 Specificity of Human Autoantibodies.- 20.2.2 Relationship to Exposure to Xenobiotics.- 20.2.3 Approaches to Treat Autoimmune Diseases.- 21 Immune Suppression.- 21.1 Overview.- 21.1.1 Therapeutic Activity and Toxicity of Immune Suppressives.- 21.1.2 Mode of Action of Immune Suppressive Drugs.- 21.2 Details.- 21.2.1 Mode of Action of Specific Agents.- 21.2.2 Monoclonal Antibodies.- 22 Immune Reaction in Neoplasia.- 22.1 Overview.- 22.2 Details.- 22.2.1 Human Tumor Antigens Detected by Immune Response.- 22.2.2 Viruses Associated with Cancer.- 22.2.3 Vaccines for Prophylaxis of Virus-Induced Tumors.- 22.2.4 Tumors and Infiltrating Macrophages.- 22.2.5 Tumors and Infiltrating Lymphocytes.- 22.2.6 Tumor Therapy with Cytokines.- 22.2.7 Active Specific Therapy with “Tumor Vaccines”.- 22.2.8 Mechanisms by Which Tumor Cells Become “Immune Resistant”.- 22.2.9 Tumor Therapy with Antibody Preparations.- 22.2.10 Targeting of Drugs with Monoclonal Antibodies to Malignant Cells.- 22.2.11 Reasons for the Limited Success of Antibodies.- 22.2.12 Pharmacokinetic Parameters for Antibodies.- 22.2.13 Antibody-Dependent Enzyme-Mediated Prodrug Therapy.- 22.2.14 Antibody Engineering.- 23 CNS and Immune Reactions.- 23.1 Overview.- 23.2 Details.- 23.2.1 Modulation of the Immune System by Neuropeptides.- 23.2.2 IL-1 as a “Neuropeptide”.- 23.2.3 Cytokines and Cytokine Receptors expressed by Cells of the CNS and Endocrine Organs.- 23.2.4 Communication of the CNS with the Immune System.- 23.2.5 Modulation of the Endocrine System by Immune Mediators.- 23.2.6 Hormonal Influence on Antibodies in Mucosal tissues.- 23.2.7 Immune Response and Epilepsy.- 24 Genetic Background of Apoptosis and Malignant Lymphocyte Growth.- 24.1 Apoptosis and Malignant Lymphocyte Growth.- 24.2 Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis.- 25 Somatic Gene Therapy.- 25.1 Overview.- 25.1.1 Opportunities and Risks.- 25.1.2 Preconditions.- 25.1.3 Methods.- 25.2 Details.- 25.2.1 Viral Transfer of Genes.- 25.2.2 Liposomal Transfer of Genes.- 25.2.3 Receptor Mediated Transfer of Genes.- 25.2.4 Experimental Therapeutic Approaches.- 25.2.5 Immunization with Polynucleotides.- 26 CD Terminology.- References.