Suspended Matter in the Aquatic Environment

1 Introduction.- 1.1 Suspended Matter Observations in History.- 1.2 Development of a More Quantitative Approach.- 1.3 Suspended Matter Transport Studies.- 2 Sources of Suspended Matter.- 2.1 Suspended Matter in Rivers.- 2.1.1 Storage of Sediment.- 2.1.2 Particulate Organic Matter in Rivers.- 2.2 Suspended Matter in Lakes.- 2.2.1 River Supply and Primary Production.- 2.2.2 Calcite Particles.- 2.2.3 Opal Particles.- 2.2.4 Resuspended Particles.- 2.3 Suspended Matter in Estuaries.- 2.3.1 Supply of Biogenic Material.- 2.4 Suspended Matter in the Sea.- 3 Concentration Distribution and Sampling of Suspended Matter.- 3.1 Concentration Distribution and Sampling of Suspended Matter.- 3.1.1 In Rivers.- 3.1.2 In Lakes.- 3.1.3 In Estuaries, Tidal Channels, and Coastal Lagoons.- 3.1.4 In the Sea.- 3.2 Sampling Suspended Matter and Determination of Suspended Matter Concentration.- 3.2.1 Water Sampling and Filtration.- 3.2.2 Light Scattering and Radiation Measurements.- 3.2.3 Acoustic Methods.- 3.2.4 Remote sensing.- 3.3 Sediment Traps.- 4 Particle Composition.- 4.1 Mineral Particles.- 4.2 Biogenic Particles.- 4.3 Adsorbed Elements and Compounds.- 4.4 Stable and Radioactive Isotopes.- 4.5 The Scavenging Process.- 4.6 Determination of Suspended Particle Composition.- 4.6.1 Analysis of Suspended Matter Composition.- 4.6.1.1 Bulk Analysis.- 4.6.1.2 Single Particle Analysis.- 5 Transport of Suspended Matter.- 5.1 Turbulence.- 5.1.1 Statistical Description.- 5.1.2 Size of Turbulent Eddies.- 5.1.3 Diffusion by Turbulence.- 5.2 Transport of Suspended Matter.- 5.2.1 Estimating Suspended Matter Transport.- 5.2.2 Other Approaches to Suspended Matter Transport.- 5.2.2.1 The Energy Model.- 5.2.2.2 The Gravitational Theory.- 5.2.2.3 Stochastic Models.- 5.2.2.4 Three-Dimensional Models.- 5.3 Initiation of Particle Motion (Scour, Erosion, Resuspension).- 5.4 Transport by Surface Waves.- 5.5 Particle Settling.- 5.6 Particle Deposition.- 5.7 Stratification.- 5.7.1 Density Gradients.- 5.7.2 Internal Waves.- 5.8 Autosuspension.- 6 Particle Size.- 6.1 Flocculation of Suspended Matter.- 6.1.1 Salt Flocculation.- 6.1.2 Particle Collision.- 6.1.3 Floc Formation by Bubbles.- 6.1.4 Coatings.- 6.1.5 Flocculation by Organisms.- 6.1.6 Floc Breakup.- 6.1.7 Floc Structure: Floc Types.- 6.1.8 Final Remarks on Flocculation.- 6.2 Floc Density and Settling Velocity.- 6.3 Grain Size in Relation to Particle Size: Size Sorting.- 6.3.1 Size Spectra in the Ocean.- 6.3.2 Size Spectra of Constituent Grains.- 6.4 Measuring Particle Size.- 7 Transport Systems and Fluxes of Suspended Matter.- 7.1 In Rivers.- 7.2 In Lakes.- 7.3 Transport and Fluxes in Estuaries.- 7.3.1 Constraints on Particle Transport Through Estuaries.- 7.3.2 Saltwedge Estuaries.- 7.3.3 Tidally Mixed Estuaries.- 7.3.4 Estimates of Particle Flux Through Estuaries from Numerical Models.- 7.3.5 Tracer Studies in Estuaries.- 7.3.6 Sediment Balance Estimates.- 7.4 Intertidal Areas.- 7.5 Fjords.- 7.6 The Continental Shelf.- 7.6.1 Dispersal of River-Supplied Suspended Matter.- 7.6.2 Dispersal of Suspended Matter from Coasts (Beaches, Inlets, Eroded Coasts).- 7.6.3 Suspended Matter and Mud Deposits on the Inner and Middle Shelf.- 7.6.4 Suspended Matter on the Outer Shelf.- 7.6.5 In-Situ Measurements and Modeling.- 7.7 Suspended Matter in Canyons and Along the Continental Slope.- 7.8 Suspended Matter in the Ocean.- 7.8.1 Particle Transport in the Ocean.- 7.8.2 The Vertical Particle Flux.- 7.8.3 Particle Fluxes in Relation to Organic Production.- 7.8.4 Compositional Changes.