A History of Experimental Virology

1 2000 Years Preceded the Emergence of Experimental Virology.- 1.1 Antiquity and the Origin of the Plague.- 1.2 The Cornerstones of Generatio Spontanea Begin to Quake.- 1.3 The Germ Theory is Born and Proven.- 1.4 The Germ Theory Crystallizes into the Germ Doctrine.- 1.5 The Theoretical and Experimental Basis of the Germ Doctrine at the End of the 19th Century.- 1.5.1 Theoretical Basis.- 1.5.2 Experimental Basis.- 2 Microscopes and Culture Media Fail.- 2.1 The Virus and Koch’s Postulates.- 2.1.1 The Use of the Term “Virus”.- 2.1.2 Koch’s Postulates.- 2.1.2.1 “Koch’s Postulates” Do Not Exist!.- 2.1.2.2 Reliable Recognition of Pathogens Using Koch’s Proof.- 2.2 A New Type of Pathogenic Agent?.- 2.2.1 The Discussion Begins.- 2.2.1.1 Tobacco Mosaic Disease (TMD).- 2.2.1.2 Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD).- 2.2.1.3 Bovine Pleuropneumonia.- 2.2.1.4 Rabbit Myxomatosis.- 2.2.1.5 African Horse Sickness.- 2.2.1.6 Fowl Plague.- 2.2.1.7 Yellow Fever.- 2.2.2 The Pathogen Remains While the Definition of the Virus Changes.- 2.2.2.1 Invisible Microbes.- 2.2.2.2 Non-Culturable Microbes.- 2.2.2.3 Filterable Microbes.- 2.2.3 The Filterable Viruses are Recognized.- 2.2.4 Who was the Founder of Virology?.- 3 Are Filterable Viruses Miniscule Bacteria?.- 3.1 The Use of Physical Methods.- 3.1.1 Filtration.- 3.1.2 Centrifugation.- 3.1.3 Adsorption.- 3.1.4 Electrophoresis.- 3.1.5 Optical Methods.- 3.2 Biochemical Investigations with Filterable Viruses.- 3.3 Are Cell Inclusions Specific to Filterable Viruses?.- 3.4 Culturing Filterable Viruses In Vivo and In Vitro.- 3.4.1 The Search for Experimental Animals.- 3.4.2 Is “Pure Culture” of Filterable Viruses Possible?.- 3.5 Filterable Viruses as Antigens.- 3.5.1 Neutralization Tests.- 3.5.2 Aggregation Tests.- 3.5.2.1 Agglutination and Precipitation.- 3.5.2.2 Complement-Fixation Reaction (CFR).- 3.5.3 Immunity and Immunization.- 3.5.3.1 Immunity.- 3.5.3.2 Passive Immunization.- 3.5.3.3 Active Immunization.- 3.6 Filterable Viruses as Pathogens.- 3.6.1 Infectious Diseases Caused by Viruses.- 3.6.2 Tumour Development.- 3.7 Viruses are not Just Very Small Bacteria.- 3.7.1 Linking Virus Reproduction to Living Cells.- 3.7.2 Viruses are Autonomous, Organized Particles.- 4 On the Way to a Definition of the Virus.- 4.1. Viruses as Pathogens.- 4.1.1 New Knowledge about Animal Viruses.- 4.1.1.1 First Contact With a Virus.- 4.1.1.2 Tissue and Organs In Which Cell Infection is Initiated.- 4.1.1.3 Secondary or Generalized Symptomatic Infections.- 4.1.1.4 Uncommon Interactions Between the Virus and the Host Organisms.- 4.1.1.5 Tumour Virus Infections.- 4.1.1.6 Interference.- 4.1.1.7 Immunological Problems.- 4.1.1.8 Immunization.- 4.1.2 Disease-Producing Insect Viruses.- 4.1.2.1 Inclusion Diseases.- 4.1.2.2 Non-Inclusion Diseases.- 4.1.3 Virus Diseases in Higher Plants.- 4.1.3.1 First Contact With a Virus.- 4.1.3.2 Intracellular Virus Multiplication.- 4.1.3.3 The Spread of Viral Plant Diseases.- 4.2 A Biochemical Approach to the Virus.- 4.2.1 The Morphology and Size of Viruses.- 4.2.2 The Biochemistry of Viruses.- 4.2.2.1 Nucleic Acids.- 4.2.2.2 Proteins.- 4.2.2.3 Virus Enzymes and Other Substances.- 4.2.3 The Structure of Viruses.- 4.2.3.1 Plant Viruses.- 4.2.3.2 Enteroviruses.- 4.2.3.3 Complex, Medium-sized Animal Viruses.- 4.2.3.4 Complex, Larger Animal Viruses.- 4.2.3.5 Bacteriophages.- 4.3 Viruses as Genetic Macromolecules.- 4.3.1 The Genetics of Bacteriophages.- 4.3.2 Plant Virus Mutants.- 4.3.3 The Genetics of Animal Viruses.- 4.4 What Exactly is a Virus?.- 5 The Period of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics.- 5.1 The Virion.- 5.1.1 Virion Morphology and Capsid Symmetry.- 5.1.2 Virion Structure.- 5.1.2.1 The Biochemical Structure of the Virion.- 5.1.2.2 The Molecular-Genetic Structure of Virions.- 5.1.3 The Taxonomy and Classification of Viruses.- 5.2 The Virus Multiplication Cycle.- 5.2.1 Adsorption.- 5.2.2 Uptake by the Cell.- 5.2.3 Uncoating.- 5.2.4 The Synthesis Phase.- 5.2.4.1 DNA Viruses.- 5.2.4.2 RNA Viruses.- 5.2.4.3 Retroviruses.- 5.2.4.4 Hepadnaviruses.- 5.2.5 Virus Assembly.- 5.2.6 Virus Maturation.- 5.2.7 Virus Release.- 5.3 Viruses as Pathogens.- 5.3.1 Acute Virus Infections.- 5.3.1.1 Animal Viruses.- 5.3.1.2 Plant Viruses.- 5.3.2 Inapparent Virus Infections.- 5.3.2.1 Persistent Infections.- 5.3.2.2 Latent Infections.- 5.3.3 Slow Virus Infections.- 5.3.3.1 Slow Infections Caused by Viruses.- 5.3.3.2 Slow Infections Caused by Unconventional Agents.- 5.3.4 Viruses and Tumours.- 5.3.4.1 In Vitro Tests.- 5.3.4.2 Virus-Specified Proteins in Tumours and Transformed Cells.- 5.3.4.3 Genes and Their Products in Cell Transformation.- 5.3.4.4 Results on Some DNA (Tumour) Viruses.- 5.3.4.5 Results with RNA Tumour Viruses.- 5.4 Viruses and Immunity.- 5.4.1 Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity as Parameters of Protection.- 5.4.2 The Diagnosis of Virus Infection.- 5.4.3 Immunoprophylaxis in Virus Infections.- 5.5 Viral Pathogenicity.- 5.5.1 Histological and Anatomical-Pathological Effects.- 5.5.1.1 Teratogenic Virus Effects.- 5.5.1.2 Mutagenic Virus Effects.- 5.5.1.3 Virus Diseases Dependent on Virus-Induced Defects of the Immune System.- 5.5.2 Molecular-Genetic Assessment of Virus Pathogenicity.- 5.5.2.1 Cell and Tissue Tropism.- 5.5.2.2 Virulence and Attenuation.- 5.5.2.3 Latency.- 5.6 Virus Chemotherapy.- 5.6.1 The Antibiotic Phase.- 5.6.2 The Anti-metabolite Phase.- 5.6.3 Will the Molecular-Genetic Approach Help?.- Epilogue.- Name Index.