1 Sonographic Anatomy of the Normal Spleen, Normal Anatomic Variants, and Pitfalls.- 1.1 Anatomy of the Spleen.- 1.1.1 Morphology and Structure.- 1.1.2 Location and Relations of the Spleen.- 1.1.3 Average Dimensions of the Cadaver Spleen.- 1.1.4 Congenital Anomalies and Normal Variants.- 1.1.4.1 Fissured Spleen.- 1.1.4.2 Lobulated Spleen.- 1.1.4.3 Spleen with Two Hili.- 1.1.4.4 Wandering or Ectopic Spleen.- 1.1.4.5 Numeric Anomalies.- 1.2 Ultrasonography of the Spleen.- 1.2.1 Equipment.- 1.2.2 Patient Examination.- 1.2.3 Scanning Technique.- 1.3 Sonographic Features of the Normal Spleen..- 1.3.1 Splenic Contour.- 1.3.2 Echo Pattern of the Splenic Parenchyma.- 1.3.3 Analysis of Splenic Sonograms.- 1.3.3.1 Scans Parallel to the Long Axis.- 1.3.3.2 Scans Perpendicular to the Long Axis.- 1.3.4 Sonographic Splenometry.- 1.3.5 Sonographic Pitfalls.- 1.3.5.1 Splenic Ectopia.- 1.3.5.2 The Lobulated Spleen.- 1.3.5.3 Accessory Spleens.- 1.4 Conclusion.- 1.4.1 Quantitative Sonographic Criteria.- 1.4.2 Qualitative Sonographic Criteria.- 1.5 References.- 2 Congenital Anomalies of the Spleen.- 2.1 Situs Inversus.- 2.1.1 Uncomplicated Situs Inversus.- 2.1.1.1 Total Situs Inversus.- 2.1.1.2 Partial Situs Inversus.- 2.1.2 Complicated Situs Inversus.- 2.2 Asplenia.- 2.2.1 Bronchopulmonary Abnormalities.- 2.2.2 Liver.- 2.2.3 Gallbladder.- 2.2.4 Stomach, Pancreas, Duodenum.- 2.2.5 Intestinal Anomalies.- 2.2.6 Genitourinary Anomalies.- 2.2.7 Endocrine Glands.- 2.2.8 Musculoskeletal Anomalies.- 2.2.9 Biologic Anomalies.- 2.2.10 Cardiovascular Anomalies.- 2.2.10.1 Systemic Veins.- 2.2.10.2 Pulmonary Veins.- 2.2.10.3 Great Vessels.- 2.2.10.4 Heart.- 2.3 Polysplenia.- 2.3.1 Gross Anatomy.- 2.3.2 Associated Noncardiovascular Malformations.- 2.3.3 Associated Cardiovascular Anomalies.- 2.3.3.1 Venae Cavae.- 2.3.3.2 Pulmonary Veins.- 2.3.3.3 Great Vessels.- 2.3.3.4 Heart.- 2.4 Wandering Spleen.- 2.4.1 Causative Factors.- 2.4.1.1 Congenital Causes.- 2.4.1.2 Acquired Causes.- 2.4.2 Clinical Manifestations.- 2.4.3 Imaging Studies.- 2.4.3.1 Plain Abdominal Films.- 2.4.3.2 Ultrasonography.- 2.4.3.3 Scintigraphy.- 2.4.3.4 Computed Tomography.- 2.4.3.5 Other Radiologic Techniques.- 2.4.4 Treatment of Uncomplicated Wandering Spleen.- 2.4.5 Torsion of the Splenic Pedicle.- 2.4.5.1 Subacute and Chronic Torsion.- 2.4.5.2 Acute Torsion.- 2.4.5.3 Causative Factors.- 2.4.5.4 Clinical Manifestations.- 2.4.5.5 Radiologic Signs.- 2.4.5.6 Treatment.- 2.5 Splenogonadal Fusion.- 2.5.1 Anatomic Classification.- 2.5.1.1 Continuous Splenogonadal Fusion.- 2.5.1.2 Discontinuous Splenogonadal Fusion.- 2.5.2 Associated Anomalies.- 2.5.3 Pathogenesis.- 2.5.4 Circumstances of Detection.- 2.5.5 Differential Diagnosis.- 2.5.6 Imaging Studies.- 2.5.6.1 Radionuclide Scanning.- 2.5.6.2 Arteriography.- 2.5.6.3 Ultrasonography.- 2.5.6.4 Treatment.- 2.6 Conclusion.- 2.7 References.- 3 Splenic Trauma.- 3.1 Causes and Clinical Manifestations.- 3.2 Ultrasonography of the Traumatized Spleen.- 3.2.1 Technique.- 3.2.2 Sonographic Features of Splenic Lesions.- 3.2.2.1 Free Intraperitoneal Fluid.- 3.2.2.2 Intrasplenic Lesions.- 3.2.3 Management of Splenic Trauma.- 3.2.3.1 Conservative Surgery.- 3.2.3.2 Indications for Splenic Ultrasonography.- 3.2.4 Patterns of Lesion Evolution.- 3.2.5 Reliability of Splenic Sonography and Differential Diagnosis.- 3.2.5.1 Value of Ultrasonography.- 3.2.5.2 Differential Diagnosis.- 3.3 Other Diagnostic Techniques.- 3.3.1 Peritoneal Lavage.- 3.3.2 Liver-Spleen Scintigraphy.- 3.3.3 Computed Tomography (CT).- 3.3.4 Angiography.- 3.4 Conclusion.- 3.5 References.- 4 Splenic Tumors.- 4.1 Malignant Tumors.- 4.1.1 Lymphomas.- 4.1.1.1 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma.- 4.1.1.2 Hodgkin’sease.- 4.1.2 Leukoses.- 4.1.3 Sarcomas.- 4.1.3.1 Hemangiosarcomas.- 4.1.3.2 Other Sarcomas.- 4.1.4 Secondary Malignant Tumors.- 4.2 Benign Tumors.- 4.2.1 Cysts.- 4.2.1.1 Epithelial Cysts.- 4.2.1.2 Endothelial Cysts.- 4.2.1.3 False Cysts.- 4.2.1.4 Enteroid Cysts.- 4.2.2 Benign Noncystic Tumors.- 4.2.2.1 Hamartoma.- 4.2.2.2 Hemangioma.- 4.2.2.3 Lymphangioma.- 4.2.2.4 Other Benign Tumors.- 4.3 Conclusion.- 4.4 References.- 5 Splenic Abscess and Infarction.- 5.1 Pathogenesis.- 5.1.1 Hematogenous Spread.- 5.1.2 Direct Extension of a Local Infection.- 5.1.3 Bacteriology.- 5.2 Clinical Presentation.- 5.3 Imaging Studies.- 5.3.1 Chest Radiographs.- 5.3.2 Ultrasonography and Computed Tomography..- 5.3.2.1 Ultrasonography.- 5.3.2.2 Computed Tomography (CT).- 5.4 Differential Diagnosis.- 5.5 Relation Between Splenic Abscess and Infarction.- 5.6 Conclusion.- 5.7 References.- 6 Splenic Involvement in Parasitoses.- 6.1 Parasitic Infections of the Spleen.- 6.1.1 Echinococcosis (Hydatid Disease).- 61.1.1 Unilocular Hydatid Disease.- 6.1.1.2 Alveolar Hydatid Disease.- 6.1.2 Histoplasmosis.- 6.1.2.1 General Features.- 6.1.2.2 Sonographic Features.- 6.1.3 Amebiasis.- 6.1.3.1 General Features.- 6.1.3.2 Sonographic Features.- 6.2 Splenic Lesions Secondary to Hepatic Parasitoses.- 6.2.1 Schistosomiasis.- 6.2.1.1 General Features.- 6.2.1.2 Sonographic Features.- 6.3 Nonspecific Homogeneous Splenomegaly.- 6.3.1 Malaria.- 6.3.1.1 General Features.- 6.3.1.2 Sonographic Features.- 6.3.2 Leishmaniasis (Kala Azar).- 6.3.2.1 General Features.- 6.3.2.2 Sonographic Features.- 6.3.3 Toxoplasmosis.- 6.3.3.1 Congenital Toxoplasmosis.- 6.3.3.2 Acquired Toxoplasmosis.- 6.3.4 Trypanosomiasis.- 6.3.4.1 General Features.- 6.3.4.2 Sonographic Features.- 6.3.5 Idiopathic Splenomegaly.- 6.4 Conclusion.- 6.5 References.- 7 Subject Index.
