Critical Levels in the Development of Natural Systems

1 The Problem of Critical Levels in the Development of Systems.- 1.1 Biological Systems and Hierarchical Levels of Their Integration.- 1.2 On the Correlation of Evolution and Leaps in Development.- 1.3 Critical Levels in the Development of Complex Systems.- 2 Model of Systems Development.- 2.1 Developmental Equation.- 2.2 The Communication of the Developmental Equation with Main Models of Experimental Data Processing.- 2.3 Hierarchy of Developmental Processes.- 3 Model of Critical Level Constants in System Development.- 3.1 Some Peculiarities of the Development Equation.- 3.2 Critical Levels of Allometric Development.- 3.3 Critical Levels in Exponential Growth Models.- 3.4 Hierarchy of Critical Constants.- 3.5 Synchronization of Critical Boundaries of Different Hierarchical Levels.- 4 Critical Levels of Temporal Characteristics of Systems.- 4.1 Periodization of Critical Boundaries in the Development of the Earth’s Crust.- 4.2 Temporal Rhythmicity of the Solar System.- 4.3 Synchronization Rhythms of Motions of the Earth and Other Solar System Bodies.- 4.4 Critical Age Periods in the Individual Development of Animals.- 4.5 Rhythms in Human Perception of Acoustic Signals.- 5 Critical Levels of the Spatial Characteristics of Systems.- 5.1 Distances of Planets from the Sun and the Problem of Basic Variables.- 5.2 Discretion of Size Distribution and the Development of Natural Systems.- 5.3 Estimation of Size Ranges of Organismic Structures.- 5.4 Critical Levels in Size Characteristics of Animal Ontogenesis.- 6 Critical Levels in the Structure of Populations and Ecological Systems.- 6.1 Studies of Population Hierarchy.- 6.2 Critical Abundances of Populations.- 6.3 Analysis of Data on Population Dynamics.- 6.4 Species Structure of Marine Ecosystems.- 7 General Problems of theStudy of Critical Levels in the Processes of Development of Systems.- References.