Oral Diseases

1 Macroscopic Anatomy, Histology and Electron Microscopy of the Oral Cavity and Normal Anatomic Variants.- 1.1 Anatomy of the Oral Cavity.- 1.2 Microscopic Anatomy of the Oral Mucosa.- 1.3 Electron Microscopy of the Oral Mucosa.- 1.4 Normal Anatomic Variants.- 1.4.1 Linea Alba.- 1.4.2 Leukoedema.- 1.4.3 Normal Oral Pigmentation.- References.- 2 Physiology of the Oral Cavity.- 2.1 Functions of the Oral Cavity Organs and Tissues.- 2.1.1 Lips and Cheeks.- 2.1.2 Tongue.- 2.1.3 Teeth and Gingiva.- 2.1.4 Oral Mucosa.- 2.2 Physiological Processes in the Oral Cavity.- 2.2.1 Salivary Secretion.- 2.2.2 Mastication (Chewing).- 2.2.3 Swallowing (Deglutition).- 2.2.4 Speech.- 2.2.5 Sensation.- 2.2.6 Suckle Feeding.- 2.3 Some Other Functions and Activities of the Oral Cavity.- References.- 3 Morphology of the Oral Cavity.- 3.1 Generalities.- 3.2 Types of Dermatological Individual Lesions.- 3.2.1 Macule.- 3.2.2 Papule.- 3.2.3 Plaque.- 3.2.4 Wheal.- 3.2.5 Nodule.- 3.2.6 Papilloma.- 3.2.7 Pustule.- 3.2.8 Vesicle.- 3.2.9 Bulla.- 3.2.10 Crust.- 3.2.11 Scale.- 3.2.12 Keratosis.- 3.2.13 Erosion.- 3.2.14 Ulcer.- 3.2.15 Fissure.- 3.2.16 Scar.- 3.2.17 Atrophy.- 3.2.18 Sclerosis.- 3.3 Individual Lesions of Oral Mucosa.- 3.3.1 White Lesions of Oral Mucosa.- 3.3.2 Vesicular or Bullous Lesions of Oral Mucosa.- 3.3.3 Ulcerations of Oral Mucosa.- 3.3.4 Pigmented Lesions of Oral Mucosa.- 3.3.5 Soft Tissue Growths of Oral Cavity.- 3.3.6 Papillary or Cauliflower-like Lesions of Oral Cavity.- 3.3.7 Swelling of Salivary Glands.- 3.4 Laboratory Tests.- 3.5 Biopsy and Histopathological Examination.- References.- 4 Cytodiagnosis for Oral Disorders.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Procedure for Smear Taking.- 4.3 Technical Hints on Fixation and Staining; Observation of Cytological Preparations from the Oral Mucosa.- 4.4 Use of Cytological Smears for Oral Disorders.- 4.4.1 Normal Cell Pattern from the Oral Cavity.- 4.5 Infectious Diseases.- 4.5.1 Herpes Group.- 4.5.2 Infections by Coxsackie Viruses (Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease, Herpangina).- 4.5.3 Molluscum Contagiosum.- 4.5.4 Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis.- 4.6 Immunological Diseases.- 4.6.1 Pemphigus Vulgaris.- 4.6.2 Pemphigoid Group: Bullous Pemphigoid and Cicatricial Pemphigoid.- 4.6.3 Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, Erosive Lichen Planus, Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis.- 4.7 Neoplastic Diseases.- 4.7.1 Squamous Cell Carcinoma.- 4.7.2 Oral Malignant Melanoma.- 4.8 Conclusions.- References.- 5 Development and Embryology of Oral Mucosa and Structures: Developmental Disturbances.- 5.1 Developmental Disorders.- 5.2 Embryological Development of the Oral Cavity.- 5.2.1 Cleft Lip and Palate.- 5.2.2 Cleft Palate.- 5.2.3 Bifid Tongue.- 5.2.4 Depressions, Cysts and Fistulae of the Lower Lip.- 5.2.5 Torus Palatinus.- 5.2.6 Torus Mandibularis.- 5.2.7 Multiple Exostoses.- 5.2.8 Oral Hair.- References.- 6 Genetic Diseases of Oral Mucosa.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Disorders of Melanin Pigmentation.- 6.2.1 Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome (Synonyms: Mucocutaneous Melanosis and Gastrointestinal Polyposis).- 6.3 Disorders of Keratinization.- 6.3.1 Darier’s Disease (Synonyms: Dyskeratosis Follicularis/ Darier-White Disease).- 6.3.2 Hyperkeratosis Palmaris et Plantaris with Periodontosis (Synonyms: Hyperkeratosis Palmoplantaris and Premature Periodontoclasia-Papillon-Lefevre Syndrome).- 6.3.3 Dyskeratosis Congenita (Synonyms: Zinsser-Engman-Cole Syndrome).- 6.3.4 Pachyonychia Congenita (Synonyms: Jadassohn-Lewandowsky Syndrome).- 6.3.5 Psoriasis.- 6.3.6 Focal Palmoplantar and Oral Mucosa Hyperkeratosis Syndrome (Synonyms: Hyperkeratosis Palmoplantaris and Attached Gingivae Hyperkeratosis).- 6.4 Hyperplasia, Aplasia, Dysplasia, Atrophy.- 6.4.1 Anhidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia (Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia).- 6.4.2 Acanthosis Nigricans.- 6.4.3 Chondroectodermal Dysplasia (Ellis-Van-Creveld).- 6.4.4 Cleidocranial Dysplasia.- 6.4.5 Focal Dermal Hypoplasia (Goltz Syndrome; Goltz-Gorlin Syndrome).- 6.4.6 Orofacial Digital Syndrome.- 6.4.7 Incontinentia Pigmenti.- 6.5 Bullous Diseases.- 6.5.1 Epidermolysis Bullosa.- 6.5.2 Acrodermatitis Enteropathica.- 6.5.3 Familial Benign Chronic Pemphigus (Familial Benign Pemphigus Hailey-Hailey Disease).- 6.6 Diseases of Connective Elastic Tissue.- 6.6.1 Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome.- 6.6.2 Marian’s Syndrome.- 6.7 Neurocutaneous Syndromes.- 6.7.1 Neurofibromatosis (Von Recklinghausen’s Disease).- 6.7.2 Down’s Syndrome, Mongolism, Trisomy 21 Anomaly.- 6.7.3 Tuberous Sclerosis (Epiloia, Pringle-Bourneville’s Disease).- 6.8 Hereditary Neoplasms.- 6.8.1 Cowden Syndrome.- 6.8.2 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes.- 6.8.3 Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome.- 6.8.4 Gardner’s Syndrome.- 6.9 Hereditary Diseases Caused by Disorders in Metabolism.- 6.9.1 Amyloidoses.- 6.9.2 Lipoproteinosis.- 6.9.3 Mucopolysaccharidoses.- 6.9.4 Gaucher’s Disease.- 6.9.5 Niemann-Pick Disease.- 6.9.6 Acatalasia and Acatalasemia.- 6.10 Hereditary Hematologic Diseases.- 6.10.1 Cyclic Neutropenia.- 6.10.2 Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu Syndrome).- 6.11 Hereditary Nevi.- 6.11.1 Fordyce Spots.- 6.11.2 White Sponge Nevus.- References.- 7 Infections of the Oral Cavity.- 7.1 Principles of Oral Microbiology.- 7.1.1 Introduction: The Oral Flora.- 7.1.2 Microbiology of Dental Caries.- 7.1.3 Microbiology of Periodontal Disease.- 7.1.4 Microbiology of Soft Tissue Infections. Involvement of the Oral Cavityby Systemic Infections.- 7.2 Diseases Caused by Bacteria.- 7.2.1 Periodontal Disease.- 7.2.2 Bacterial Pharyngitis.- 7.2.3 Strawberry Tongue.- 7.2.4 Oral Lesions Caused by Sexually Transmitted Diseases.- 7.2.5 Actinomycosis.- 7.2.6 Mycobacterial Infections.- 7.2.7 Oral Lesions Caused by Bacteria in HIV-Positive Patients.- 7.3 Diseases Caused by Viruses.- 7.3.1 Herpesvirus Group.- 7.3.2 Poxviruses.- 7.3.3 Human Papillomaviruses.- 7.4 Diseases Caused by Fungi.- 7.4.1 Candidosis: Candidiasis, Moniliasis, Thrush.- 7.4.2 Candidosis of the Oral Cavity.- 7.4.3 Deep Mycoses.- 7.5 Diseases Caused by Protozoa.- 7.5.1 Amebiasis.- 7.5.2 American Trypanosomiasis/Chagas’ Disease.- 7.5.3 Toxoplasmosis.- 7.5.4 Trichomoniasis/Trichomonosis.- References.- 8 Tropical Pathology of the Oral Mucosa.- 8.1 Paracoccidioidomycosis (South American Blastomycosis, Brazilian Blastomycosis, or Lutz’s Mycosis).- 8.2 Myiasis.- 8.3 Leprosy (Hansen’s Disease).- 8.4 Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis.- 8.5 Donovanosis (Granuloma Venereum, Granuloma Inguinale).- 8.6 Syphilis.- 8.7 Oral Candidosis (Moniliasis).- 8.8 Entomophthoromycosis Conidiobolae (Chronic Rhinofacial Zygomycosis, Rhinoentomophthoromycosis).- 8.9 Larva Migrans (Creeping Eruption).- 8.10 Cervicofacial Actinomycosis.- 8.11 Histoplasmosis (Histoplasmosis Capsulatum).- 8.12 Cutaneous Tuberculosis.- References.- 9 Oral Lesions in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Viral Infections.- 9.2.1 Hairy Leukoplakia.- 9.2.2 Herpes Simplex Infection.- 9.3 Fungal Infections.- 9.3.1 Candidosis (Candidiasis, Moniliasis).- 9.3.2 Cryptococcosis.- 9.3.3 Histoplasmosis.- 9.4 Periodontal Diseases.- 9.4.1 Linear Gingival Erythema.- 9.4.2 Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis and Periodontitis.- 9.5 Malignant Tumors.- 9.5.1 Kaposi’s Sarcoma.- 9.5.2 Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma.- 9.5.3 Squamous Cell Carcinoma.- References.- 10 Allergic, Toxic, and Drug-Induced Eruptions of the Oral Mucosa.- 10.1 Types of Reactions.- 10.2 Urticaria and Angioedema.- 10.2.1 Urticaria (Hives, Weals).- 10.2.2 Angioedema (Hereditary Angioedema).- 10.3 Atopic Dermatitis.- 10.4 Oculo mucocutaneous Syndromes.- 10.4.1 Erythema Multiforme.- 10.4.2 Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (Ectodermosis Erosiva Pluriorificialis).- 10.4.3 Lyell’s Syndrome (Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis).- 10.4.4 Fixed Drug Eruption.- 10.5 Drug Eruptions of Oral Mucosa.- 10.6 Contact Stomatitis and Contact Cheilitis.- 10.6.1 Contact Stomatitis.- 10.6.2 Contact Cheilitis.- References.- 11 Oral Mucosa Signs of Immune, Autoimmune, and Rheumatic Diseases.- 11.1 Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases: Oral Manifestations.- 11.1.1 Scleroderma.- 11.1.2 Lupus Erythematosus.- 11.1.2.1 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE).- 11.1.2.2 Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (DLE).- 11.1.3 Mixed Connective Tissue Disease.- 11.1.4 Sjogren’s Syndrome.- 11.1.5 Dermatomyositis.- 11.2 Blistering Disorders.- 11.2.1 Pemphigus.- 11.2.2 Dermatitis Herpetiformis.- 11.2.3 Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis of Adults.- 11.2.4 Bullous Pemphigoid.- 11.2.5 Cicatricial Pemphigoid.- 11.2.6 Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita.- 11.3 Aphthous and Ulcerative Diseases.- 11.3.1 Name of Disease.- 11.3.2 Behcet’s Disease (BD).- 11.3.3 Reiter’s Syndrome.- 11.3.4 Wegener’s Granulomatosis (WG).- 11.3.5 Lethal Midline Granuloma.- 11.3.6 Oral Crohn’s Disease.- 11.4 Kawasaki’s Syndrome.- 11.5 Vitiligo.- 11.6 Oral Lichen Planus.- References.- 12 Traumatic Lesions of Oral Mucosa.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Traumatic Ulcers.- 13 Endocrine, Nutritional, and Amino Acid Metabolism Diseases.- 13.1 Endocrine Disease.- 13.1.1 Diabetes Mellitus.- 13.1.2 Hypophysis Disorders.- 13.1.3 Thyroid Disorders.- 13.1.4 Parathyroid Hormone Disorders.- 13.1.5 Sex Hormones, Menstrual Cycle, and Pregnancy Disorders.- 13.1.6 Adrenocortical Gland Insufficiency.- 13.2 Deficiency of Vitamins and Altered Mineral Metabolism.- 13.2.1 Vitamin A.- 13.2.2 Vitamin B.- 13.2.3 Folic Acid.- 13.2.4 Biotin.- 13.2.5 Pantothenic Acid.- 13.2.6 Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid).- 13.2.7 Iron Deficiency.- 13.2.8 Zinc Deficiency.- 13.3 Uremic Stomatitis.- References.- 14 Diseases of the Tongue, Lips, and Salivary Glands.- 14.1 Diseases of the Tongue.- 14.1.1 Macroglossia.- 14.1.2 Fissured Tongue.- 14.1.3 Median Rhomboid Glossitis.- 14.1.4 Black Hairy Tongue.- 14.1.5 Geographic Tongue.- 14.1.6 Glossodynia.- 14.1.7 Smooth Tongue.- 14.1.8 Furred Tongue.- 14.1.9 Varices of the Tongue.- 14.1.10 Herpetic Geometric Glossitis.- 14.1.11 Microglossia.- 14.1.12 Ankyloglossia.- 14.1.13 Plasmacellular Glossitis.- 14.1.14 Hypertrophy of Papillae.- 14.2 Diseases of the Lips.- 14.2.1 Angular Cheilitis.- 14.2.2 Actinic Cheilitis.- 14.2.3 Exfoliative Cheilitis.- 14.2.4 Cheilitis Glandularis.- 14.2.5 Cheilitis Granulomatosa.- 14.2.6 Plasma Cell Cheilitis.- 14.3 Diseases of the Salivary Glands.- 14.3.1 Necrotizing Sialometaplasia.- 14.3.2 Sialolithiasis.- 14.3.3 Sialoadenosis.- 14.3.4 Xerostomia.- References.- 15 Periodontal Diseases.- 15.1 Periodontal Anatomy.- 15.2 Periodontal Diseases.- 15.2.1 Gingivitis.- 15.2.2 Periodontitis.- 15.2.3 Oral Hygiene-Related Gingival Lesions.- 15.2.4 Gingival Enlargement.- References.- 16 Labial Melanotic Macules.- References.- 17 Psychosomatic Medicine, Orality and Disorders of the Oral Cavity Related to Psychoemotional Factors.- 17.1 Psychosomatic Medicine as a Premise for Understanding the Patient.- 17.2 Orality and Oro-alimentary Behavior.- 17.3 Disorders of the Oral Cavity Related to Psycho-emotional Factors.- 17.3.1 Psychosomatic Aspects.- 17.3.2 Somato-psychic Aspects.- 17.4 Glossodynia and Related Disorders.- 17.5 Conclusions.- References.- 18 Diseases of the Peripheral Nervous System.- 18.1 Facial Nerve Palsy.- 18.1.1 Bell’s Palsy.- 18.1.2 Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome.- 18.2 Hypoglossal Nerve Palsy.- References.- 19 Precancerous Lesions and Benign Tumors of the Oral Mucosa.- 19.1 Oral Mucosa Changes Induced by Aging and Light.- 19.1.1 Cheilitis Angularis (Perleche, Angulus Infectiosus).- 19.1.2 Cheilitis Actinica Acuta.- 19.1.3 Cheilitis Actinica Chronica (Cheilitis Exfoliativa, Solar Cheilosis, Actinic Keratosis of the Lip).- 19.1.4 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lip.- 19.1.5 Basal Cell Carcinoma (Basalioma).- 19.1.6 Xeroderma Pigmentosum.- 19.2 Precancerous Lesions of the Oral Mucosa.- 19.2.1 Actinic Cheilitis (Cheilitis Exfoliativa, Solar Cheilosis, Actinic Keratosis of the Lip).- 19.2.2 Leukoplakia.- 19.2.3 Erythroplasia.- 19.2.4 Oral Submucous Fibrosis (Oral Deep Fibrosis).- 19.2.5 Leukokeratosis Nicotina Palati (Stomatitis Nicotina – Smoker’s Keratosis).- 19.2.6 Erosive Lichen Planus.- 19.3 Benign Tumors of the Oral Mucosa, Muscle, Nervous System, Bone, and Cartilage.- 19.3.1 Benign Tumors of the Oral Mucosa.- 19.3.2 Benign Tumors of the Epithelium- Lamina Propria Junction.- 19.3.3 Benign Tumors of the Lamina Propria.- 19.3.4 Benign Tumors of the Fatty Tissue.- 19.3.5 Benign Tumors of the Muscles.- 19.3.6 Benign Tumors of the Nervous System.- 19.3.7 Benign Tumors of the Jawbones and the Cartilage.- 19.3.8 Benign Tumors of Blood and Lymph Vessels.- References.- 20 Malignant Tumors.- 20.1 Squamous Cell Carcinoma.- 20.1.1 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lip.- 20.1.2 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity.- 20.2 Histopathology of Squamous Cell Carcinoma.- 20.2.1 Florid Oral Papillomatosis.- 20.2.2 Bowenoid Squamous Cell Carcinoma.- 20.2.3 Spindle Cell Squamous Carcinoma.- 20.3 Basal Cell Carcinoma (Basal Cell Epithelioma, Basalioma).- 20.4 Malignant Melanoma of the Oral Mucosa.- 20.5 Malignant Mesenchymal Tumors.- 20.5.1 Lymphomas and the Oral Cavity.- 20.5.2 Kaposi’s Sarcoma.- 20.5.3 Histiocytosis X.- 20.5.4 Fibrosarcoma.- 20.5.5 Hemangiopericytoma.- 20.5.6 Chondrosarcoma.- 20.5.7 Osteosarcoma.- 20.5.8 Leiomyosarcoma.- References.- 21 Orofacial Features of Leukaemia and Non-neoplastic Haematological Disorders with Involvement of the Oral Mucosa.- 21.1 Introduction.- 21.2 Orofacial Manifestations of Leukaemia.- 21.2.1 Acute Leukaemias.- 21.2.2 Chronic Leukaemias.- 21.2.3 Orofacial Manifestations of the Treatment of Leukaemia.- 21.2.4 Dental Treatment Aspects of Leukaemias.- 21.3 Non-neoplastic Hematological Disorders with Involvement of the Oral Mucosa.- 21.3.1 Plummer-Vinson Syndrome.- 21.3.2 Thalassemias.- 21.3.3 Congenital Neutropenia.- 21.3.4 Agranulocytosis.- 21.3.5 Aplastic Anemia.- 21.3.6 Thrombocytopenic Purpura.- 21.3.7 Myelodysplastic Syndrome.- References.- 22 Metastatic or Secondary Carcinoma of Oral Mucosa.- References.- 23 Oral Disease Prevention.- 23.1 General Prevention.- 23.2 Local Prevention.- 23.2.1 Prevention of Soft Tissue Diseases.- 23.2.2 Prevention of Dental Caries.- 23.2.3 Periodontal Disease Prevention.- References.- 24 Surgical Procedures for the Lips and Oral Cavity.- 24.1 Introduction.- 24.2 Surgery of the Lips.- 24.2.1 Vermilionectomy.- 24.2.2 Lip Surgery.- 24.2.3 Surgery of the Commissure.- 24.3 Surgery of the Oral Cavity.- 24.3.1 Features of Surgery of the Oral Cavity.- 24.3.2 Surgery of the Palate.- 24.3.3 Surgery of the Endobuccal Mucosa and Mouth Floor.- 24.3.4 Surgery of the Tongue.- 24.3.5 Lip Reconstruction by Means of a Lingual Flap (Camacho-Dulanto Technique).- References.