Managing Salinization

One: Theories on the Provision and Supply of Goods and Services Through Political and Bureaucratic Systems.- 1. Economic theories of democracy and bureaucracy.- 2. Criticisms to Niskanen’s model of bureaucratic supply from an institutional perspective.- 3. The New Institutional Economics, or the Institutional Rational Choice approach.- 3.1 Transaction and information costs.- 3.2 Collective action.- 4. The nature of water as a resource, and the peculiarities of irrigation and drainage systems.- 4.1 The first interdependency: the joint use of the delivery infrastructure and the use of the resource.- 4.2 The second interdependency: the joint use of the drainage infrastructure, and externalities caused by agricultural effluents.- 4.3 The mediation of externalities in common-pool water resource systems under different property-rights regimes.- 5. A concept for analyzing high groundwater levels and salinization in large-scale public irrigation systems.- Two: Literature Review on Large-Scale Public and on Small-Scale Farmer-Owned and -Managed Irrigation Systems.- 1. Large-scale public irrigation schemes.- 1.1 Water allocation rules and operation activities.- 1.2 Maintenance versus new investments.- 1.3 Self-financing principles for irrigation services and their relation to performance.- 1.4 Economic means for achieving efficient water use and for controlling groundwater and salinization.- 2. Small-scale farmer-owned and -managed irrigation schemes.- 2.1 Common-property regimes by definition, and design principles for self-governing irrigation institutions.- 2.2 Collective action for the provision of common goods.- 2.3 Water user rights, water allocation rules, and operation activities.- 2.4 Maintenance decisions in irrigated common-property regimes.- 3. Improving the performance of public irrigation systems.- 3.1 Financially autonomous or semi-autonomous irrigation agencies.- 3.2 Participation of water-user organizations.- 4. Potentials and constraints for controlling high groundwater levels and salinization.- Three: The Implementation Process of the Lower Seyhan Irrigation Project, With Special Reference to Means of High Groundwater Level and Salinity Control.- 1. Natural conditions in the Lower Seyhan Plain.- 2 The state’s responsibility for the development of water resources.- 2.1 The General Directorate for State Hydraulic Works.- 2.2 The General Directorate for Soil and Water.- 3. The project planning and implementation process, and its evaluation with regard to high groundwater levels and salinity.- 3.1 High groundwater levels and salinity as reported in the basic planning documents.- 3.2 The implementation and evaluation of the engineering works.- 3.2.1 The stage I project and its shortcomings.- 3.2.2 Major changes within the implementation period of the stage I project.- 3.2.3 The stage II project and its shortcomings.- 3.2.4 The stage III project.- 3.2.5 The on-going rehabilitation project: drainage and on-farm development works in the stage 1, II and III project areas.- 3.2.6 The stage IV project in progress.- 4. The effects of the subprojects on the distribution of salt-affected areas and high groundwater levels in the project area.- 5. Conclusions.- Four: Contributions to High Groundwater Levels and Salinization Caused by the Operation and Maintenance of the Lower Seyhan Irrigation Project.- 1. The first public-farmer setting: joint operation and maintenance by the Regional Directorate for State Hydraulic Works and the Water User Groups.- 1.1 Areas responsibility of the DSI and the Water User Groups.- 1.2 The Regional Directorate for State Hydraulic Works.- 1.2.1 Staff and equipment.- 1.2.2 Financing public irrigation services.- 1.3 The Water User Groups.- 1.3.1 Mode of establishment.- 1.3.2 The Water User Groups’ establishment.- 1.3.3 Contributions to operation and maintenance.- 1.3.4 Financing the Water User Groups’ irrigation services.- 1.4 Performing operation and maintenance, and contributions to high groundwater levels and salinization.- 1.4.1 Performing operation, and contributions to high groundwater levels and salinization.- 1.4.2 Performing maintenance, and contributions to high groundwater levels and salinization.- 1.5 Conclusions on the first public-farmer setting.- 2. The second public-farmer setting: joint operation and maintenance by the Regional Directorate for State Hydraulic Works and the Water User Associations.- 2.1 The DSI’s initiative to transfer large-scale public irrigation schemes to Water User Associations.- 2.2 Transfer experiences with publicly financed minor irrigation schemes in Turkey.- 2.3 The Water User Associations in the project area.- 2.4 Conclusions on the second public-farmer setting.- Five: Effects of High Groundwater Levels, Waterlogging and Salinity on Farm Economy.- 1. Agriculture in the Lower Seyhan Plain prior to the project.- 2. Positive impacts of the irrigation project on yields and net incomes.- 3. Effects of high groundwater levels and salinity on yields.- 3.1 Research on yield depressions.- 3.2 Groundwater and soil conditions as a constraint on double cropping and on diversified crop patterns.- 3.3 Benefits gained from the irrigation project, and costs deriving from high groundwater levels and salinity.- 4. The farmers’ option towards groundwater and salinity control in irrigated cotton farming.- 5. Conclusions.- Six: Discussion and Outlook.- 1. The concept for analysis and the empirical results.- 2. Coordination and cooperation in multiorganizational arrangements.- 3. The conditions for changing institutional arrangements, and for successful farmer participation.- 4. Towards coordinated management of salinization in public irrigation systems.- Annexes.- Annex 1. Data on the service area and the irrigation and drainage networks.- Annex 2. Irrigated area as percentage of irrigable land (1964–1989).- Annex 3. Crop patterns from 1966 to 1990.- Annex 4. Data on groundwater tables and dissolved salt concentrations.- Annex 5. The DSI’s responsibilities for groundwater and salinity control, observation guidelines and annual reports.- Annex 6. Annual Decree on Water Tariffs for O&M and investment.- Annex 7. Contractual agreements between the DSI and the WUGs.- Annex 8. Data on the Water User Associations in the project area.- Annex 9. Formation statute of the North Yüregir Water User Association.- Annex 10. Contract between the DSI and the North Yüregir Water User Association.- Annex 11. The General Directorate for Rural Services’ experiences with groundwater cooperatives.- Annex 12. Water rights in the Majelle, the Ottoman codification of Moslem Law (Shari’a).- References.