The Facial Nerve

I: Invited lectures.- Anatomy.- Comparative anatomy of the central representation of the facial nerve.- The facial nerve — Peripheral and central connections of proprioception.- Facial nerve fiber orientation, linkage between central nervous organization and muscular function.- Changing ratio between myelin thickness and axon caliber in developing human facial nerves.- The denervated muscle.- To what extent can poor functional recovery of denervated muscles be attributed to incomplete as opposed to inappropriate reinnervation after surgical repair of severed nerves?.- Morphologic studies on human and rodent facial muscles.- Denervation and reservation of muscle: Physiological effects.- Postdenervation muscular changes in facial paralysis.- Effects of electrostimulation therapy: Enzyme-histological and myometric changes in the derivated musculature.- Rehabiliation of facial expression (“mime therapy”).- The injured nerve.- Fine Structure of degeneration and regeneration of peripheral nerve fibers.- Regulation of transferrrin receptors and iron uptake in normal and injured nervous system.- Clinical experience in nerve grafting.- Prognostic value of electroneurography in Bell’s palsy.- Role of laminin for axonal growth.- Bell’s palsy: Synopsis by an otologist.- Role of oncogenes in neural regeneration.- The facial nucleus and its cellular environment.- The role of microglia in regeneration.- The role of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the regenerating facial nucleus.- The role of astrocytes in facial nerve regeneration.- Pathophysiology of hemifacial spasm.- II: Free papers and posters.- Anatomy and the denervated muscle.- Anatomy and histology of the mimic muscles and the supplying facial and posters nerve.- Motor innervation pattern of the orbicularis oris muscle in guinea pig.- Why does the frontalis muscle “never come back”? Functional organization of the mimic musculature.- Affection of mimic muscles, simulating damage of the facial nerve in patients with faciocapulohumeral muscular dystrophy.- Muscle ultrastuctural changes in long-standing idiopathic total facial nerve palsy.- Comparison of myosin in denervated and immobilized muscles.- Respiratory-related electromyographic activity of facial muscles.- Stimulation of the regeneration process in denervated muscle.- Peripheral communication of the facial nerve at the angle of the mouth.- Development and reinnervation of rat muscle grafts in interspecific transplantations.- Trigeminal facial nerve communication and its clinical application.- Observations on the geniculate ganglion in adult human dissections.- Spatial occupancy of the facial nerve in the fallopian canal.- Funicular structure and nerve fiber topography in the extratemporal facial nerve.- Physical training.- The role of physical therapy in patients with facial paralysis — State of the art.- Functional recovery and electromyographic/electroneurographic evaluation in Bell’s and Ramsay-Hunt’s palsy patients undergoing physical training.- Treatment of facial paralysis using electromyographic feedback — A case study.- Eutrophic electrical stimulation in long-standing facial palsy.- Plastic surgery.- Graft hypoglossal-facial anastomosis with gold lid weight.- Individually adjusted curvatures of upper eyelid gold implants: a valuable approach.- Static suspension of Eyebrow with Gore-Tex Plastic surgery.- Temporalis transfer for correction of lagophthalmus.- Pectoralis minor transplantation in the Netherlands.- An experimental model for complex dynamic control of the reinnervated face.- Pectoralis minor muscle graft for the treatment of unilateral facial palsy.- Extended follow-up study of vascularized muscle transplantation for treatment of long-standing facial palsy.- Eye sphincter substitution schemes.- Reanimation schemes for partial facial palsies.- Freeze-thawed skeletal muscle autografts: Experimental evalutation of these grafts in facial nerve repair.- Facial nerve paralysis: Gold weight implants as alternative to tarsorrhaphy.- Facial reanimation in facial paralysis.- Facial nerve disorders in children and Others.- Steroid therapy for facial nerve palsy in children.- Developmental aspects of the facial canal: A light and scanning electron microscopy study.- Vulnerability of the facial nerve in entraped palsy: Comparative study in guinea pigs and humans.- Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome: Report of two cases and review of literature.- Course of the facial nerve in congenital dysplasia of the external auditory canal: A high-resolution computerized tomography study.- Lyme borreliosis — Main cause of acute peripheral facial palsy in childhood.- Dehiscences in the fallopian canal.- Macrodissection study on peripheral facial nerve branches to Stensen’s duct.- Grading of facial palsies.- The quantification of synkinesis and facial paralysis.- Development of a sensitive clinical facial grading system.- Development of a new paresis scoring system for pre- and postoperative evaluation of facial paresis.- Prediction of prognosis in facial nerve palsy using constellation diagram.- Computer-assisted grading of facial function.- Subjective evaluation of facial function by the patient.- Comparative value of facial nerve grading system.- Botulinum toxin.- Treatment of hemifacial spasm with botulinum toxin.- Botulinum toxin treatment in patients with facial sykinesis.- Botulinum toxin: Structure and pharmacology.- Diagnostic procedures Electrophysiology.- The utility of single-fiber electromyography in facial nerve paralysis.- Computer-aided neuromyography with repetitive stimuli for diagnostis of facial nerve disorders.- Antidromically evoked facial nerve response on guinea pigs with partial nerve injury.- Antidromically evoked facial nerve responses in human subjects: Modification of recording techniques.- Electrophysiological evidence for central hyperexcitability of facial motoneurons in hemifacial spasm.- Prognostic diagnosis of peripheral facial palsy by an impedance method.- Facial nerve antidromic evoked potentials.- Infraorbital (V2) and mental (V3) nerve stimulations produce correspondingly specific facial nerve reflexes analogous to the blink reflex.- Electrophysiologic evaluation of facial nerve: Function after paralysis.- Clinical value of battery electrodiagnostic test.- Diagnostic procedures: Electroneurography.- Electrical evaluation of the facial nerve in acoustic neuroma patients comparing transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroneurography.- The prognostic value of electroneurography in Bell’s palsy.- Innervation pattern of the extratemporal ramification of the facial nerve; intraoperative evoked electromyographic study: Second report.- Bell’s palsy and magnetic stimulation: longitudinal study.- Electromyography of evoked activity of the facial nerve in cerebellopontine angle surgery.- Electroneurographic evaluation of facial palsy: Early and late results in 350 patients.- Neuronography in facial palsy-results of long-term observations.- Magnetic stimulation.- Identification of the exact stimulated site in transcranial magnetic stimulation of the facial nerve.- Pre- and postoperative electrophysical and magnetic stimulation control of facial nerve function in hemifacial spasm.- Influence of different electrodes on electric and magnetic stimulation of the facial nerve.- Evaluation of peripheral facial palsy by transcranial magnetic stimulation.- Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the facial nerve in small and medium-sized acoustic neurinomas.- Neurophysiological evaluation of Bell’s palsy: Electroneurography and transcranial magnetic stimulation.- Magnetic stimulation in patients with essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm.- Blink reflex investigation using magnetic stimulation.- Facial nerve lesions: tumor, trauma.- Progressive facial palsy and neurinomas of the VIIth nerve.- Two cases of intratemporal facial neurofibroma.- Facial nerve neuronomas: Diagnosis and management of the large lesion.- End-to-end anastomosis versus nerve graft in intratemporal and intracranial lesions of the facial nerve.- Primary facial nerve tumors: Diagnostic and management dilemmas.- Gunshot injuries to the intratemporal facial nerve.- Microsurgical selective removal of benign neoplasms of the parotid gland.- Peripheral facial nerve paresis as the initial presenting manifestation of tumors of unknown origin.- Facial nerve neurinoma nad otologic signs.- Facial paralysis induced by tumors.- The facial nerve in congenital ear malformations.- Management of traumatic facial nerve paralysis with carotid artery cavernous sinus fistula.- Facial nerve neuroma.- The acoustic trauma in decompression surgery of facial nerve.- Recovery of total facial palsy after neuroma surgery.- Facial nerve monitoring.- Intraoperative NIM-2™ monitoring for facial nerve preservation in acoustic neurinoma surgery.- Facial nerve monitoring of skull base and cerebello-pontine angle lesions..- Intraoperative facial nerve monitoring by monopolar low constant current stimulation and postoperative facial function in acoustic tumor surgery.- Intraoperative facial nerve monitoring in the infratemporal fossa approach: Improved preservation of nerve function.- Electrical stylomastoidal and magnetic transcranial stimulation of the facial nerve in Bell’s palsy: Time course of electrophysiological parameters.- Facial nerve imaging.- Gadolinium-DTPA-enhaneed MRI of the facial nerve.- Gadolinium-enhanced MRI and positron emission tomography in Bell’s palsy: A preliminary report.- Correlation between Gadolinium-enhanced MRI and neurophysiology in Bell’s palsy: A preliminary study.- Gadolinium-DTPA-enhanced MRI in facial palsy.- Correlation of MRI, clinical, and electroneuronographic findings in the natural course of acute facial nerve palsies.- Hemifacial spasm: Evaluation and management options.- Idiopathic facial nerve palsy (Bell’s palsy): Morphological changes in MRI.- Contrast-enhanced MRI of the facial nerve in patients with Bell’s palsy.- Gadolinium-enhanced MRI in experimental facial nerve paralysis.- Preoperative radiologic assessment of facial nerve in cochlear implant surgery.- Gadolinium-enhanced MRI in Bell’s palsy.- Hemifacial spasm caused by posterior inferior cerebellar artery elongation — diagnostic value of angiomagnetic resonance imaging.- Computerized tomography demonstration of labyrinthine facial nerve decompression viability by the transattical approach.- Depiction of affected facial nerve with Gd-DTPA enhanced MRI.- Idiopathic facial nerve palsy (Bell’s palsy): Morphological changes in MRI.- High-resolution computed tomography imaging of the facial nerve canal in temporal bone fractures.- Facial palsy due to intracranial vascular lesion.- Imaging in the differential diagnosis of facial paralysis.- Value of MRI and intraoperative frozen sections in defining the extent of facial neurinoma.- Topographical anatomy of the facial nerve.- X-Ray symptomatology of the facial canal involvement in chronic otitis.- Surgical techniques.- Clinical investigation of hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis.- Salvage decompression of the facial nerve.- Is facial nerve decompression surgery effective?.- Surgical treatment of synkinesis.- Parotidectomy with the nerve integrity monitor II.- Anastomosis of infratemporal facial nerve with fibrin tissue adhesive.- Treatment of facial paralysis in humans by neural methods.- Facial reanimation by XII to VII nerve anastomosis after surgery on the VIII nerve.- Rehabilitation after hypoglossus-facial crossover.- Development of the nerve conduction velocity after hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis: An electroneurographie study.- The “babysitter” principle: Experience and results in 25 cases.- Trigeminal neoneurotization of the paralysed facial musculature.- Surgical repair of the facial nerve at the base of the skull: The mastoid-parotid approach.- Microvascular decompression by the retromastoid apporach for idiopathic hemifacial spasm: Experience of 300 patients.- Endoscopic anatomy of the facial nerve and related structures.- Facial nerve research: New approaches and results.- Expression and regulation of neuropeptides in rat facial motoneurons.- Human facial nucleus: Choline acety and calcitonin gene-related peptide.- Nerve growth factor: Morphological and morphometrie findings of facial nerve regeneration in the rabbit.- Observation of motorneurons after recovery from experimental facial nerve paralysis.- Extracellular matrix arrangements of rat facial nerve.- Best method for facial nerve anastomosis.- An animal model of ischemic facial palsy.- Experimental studies on antidromic evoked potential of the facial nerve.- Function-dependent expression of calcitonin gene related peptide in neuromuscular junctions of the facial muscles.- Ultracytological localization of K+-dependent, p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity in cat facial nerve.- Degeneration and regeneration of neuromuscular junction in guinea pig mimic muscle — A scanning electron microscopic study.- Nerve growth factor: Optic and ultrastructural findings on facial nerve degeneration in the rabbit.- Stereological estimation of the volume and neuron number of the facial and hypoglossal nucleus of the rat.- Effects of motor neuron disorders on feeding behavior of sturgeons, inhabiting the volga river.- Detection of varicella zoster virus DNA by polymerase chain reaction in clinical samples from patients with Hunt’s syndrome.- Stereological evaluation of neuronal plasticity in rat brainstem after hypoglossal-facial anastomosis.- Role of opioid peptides and substance P in the regeneration of CNS and PNS nervous tissue.- Reinnervation of rat vibrissae after hypoglossal-facial anastomosis: A horseradish-peroxidase study.- Biomaterials used in nerve regeneration chambers as substrata for spinal cord neurons cultured in vitro.- Fibrin sealant (Tissucol) as a substratum for spinal cord neurons cultured in vitro.- Facial nerve regeneration through semipermeable porous chambers.- Comparison of rabbit facial nerve regeneration in nerve growth factor-containing silistic tubes to autologous cable grafts.- Carbon dioxide laser repair of the facial nerve: An experimental study in the rat.- A new animal model of facial nerve palsy using a freezing method.- Immunology.- Etiopathogenesis of Bell’s palsy: An immune-mediated theory.- T-Lymphocyte subpopulations and HLA-DR antigens in patients with Bell’s palsy, hearing loss, neuronitis vestibularis and Menière’s disease.- Electrophysiologic pattern and T-cell subsets in Bell’s palsy.- Immunological findings in Bell’s palsy.- Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies in Bell’s palsy in a metropolitan area of northern Italy.- Anti-Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies in sera of patients with facial paralysis.- Macrophages and Schwann cells in myelin disintegration.- Incidence of peripheral facial palsy in patients with antibodies against Lyme Borreliosis.- Blood supply.- Reaction of the vasa nervorum of the facial nerve during stimulation with neurotransmitters.- Morphological changes in ischemic facial nerve paralysis.- Activation of intravascular coagulation in Bell’s palsy.- Retinal videofluorescence-angiographic findings in Bell’s palsy.- Evaluation of total and perfused blood vessels in the facial nerve.- Viral involvement.- Virus isolation study of the human ganglion geniculi (nerve VII).- Virus-associated demyelination in the pathogenesis of Bell’s palsy.- Histopathology of facial nerve neuritis caused by herpes simplex virus infection in mice.- Herpes simplex virus and experimental facial paralysis.- Recent treatment of Ramsay Hunt syndrome.- Herpes zoster of the geniculate ganglion: Therapeutic concepts.- Acyclovir versus steroids in the treatment of Bell’s palsy.- Facial palsy and human immunodeficiency virus infection.- Antibody response against the Epstein-Barr-virus in acute idiopathic facial palsy.- Lower brainstem changes in herpes oticus with facial palsy.- Facial nerve paralysis induced by herpes simplex virus infection in mice.- Ramsay Hunt syndrome: Natural history.- Evidence suggesting the viral etiology of Bell’s palsy.- Bell’s palsy and others.- Management of Bell’s palsy accompanied by diabetes mellitus.- Long-term results of severe facial paralysis.- Distribution of facial nerve conduction velocities in patients with Bell’s palsy.- Tertiary syphilis with facial paralysis.- Recurrent facial paralysis associated with HIV infection.- Bilateral facial palsy in Wegener’s granulomatosis.- Facial palsy in Equatorial Africa.- Regeneration of irradiated rat skeletal muscle after damage under different experimental conditions.- Age characteristics of reinnervation of skeletal muscle grafts.- Prediction of surgical criteria for Bell’s palsy on the fifth day of evolution.- Therapeutic policy for Bell’s palsy and Hunt syndrome.- Stellate ganglion block for facial palsy.- Treatment comparison between dexamethasone and placebo for idiopathic facial palsy.- Emotions in the first 99 days after the onset of facial paralysis: A single case study.- Facial paralysis in children.- Evaluation of facial palsy by Moiré topography.- Bell’s palsy steroid therapy in chosen cases.- Result of high-dose steroid therapy (Stennert) in facial palsy.- Natural history of Bell’s palsy.- The facial nerve nucleus.- Central and peripheral rearrangements following hypoglossal-facial crossover: An electrophysiological study.- Recovery of normal excitability of the facial motor nucleus following facial nerve decompression in hemifacial spasm.- Astroglial response in facial and hypoglossal nucleus after hypoglossal-facial anastomosis in the rat.- Synaptic stripping in facial and hypoglossal nucleus after hypoglossal-facial anastomosis in the rat.- Response of Nissl substance in the facial and hypoglossal nucleus after hypoglossal-facial anastomosis in the rat.- New “perineural cells” in the compartmentation of the regenerated nerves.- Somatotopic changes of the stylohyoid muscle subnucleus after section and repair of the facial nerve.- Axotomy of the facial nerve not only induces changes in the facial nucleus but also in remotely related brain regions.- To: Bell’s palsy and others.- Peripheral facial paralysis: evaluation of effects in a case-study.