Section I. The Origin of Man.- 1. Man, the Most Intelligent Ape.- The Human Paradox.- Intelligence, Ape and Man.- References.- 2. The Fossil Record and the Emergence of Modern Man.- Africa Versus Asia; Darwin Versus Haeckel.- The Fossil Record in Africa.- Yet Man Could Have Emerged in Asia.- Ramapithecus, Dryopithecus and the Great Apes.- From Homo erectus to Homo sapiens.- References.- 3. Man and His Classification.- The Conflict of Organic and Molecular Evolution.- References.- 4. The Theory of Evolution, Genes, and Chromosomes.- Natural Selection and Mendelian Genetics.- Chromosomes, the Vehicles of Inheritance.- References.- Section II. Cytotaxonomy and the Evolution of Man and the Great Apes.- 5. The Chromosomes of Man and the Great Apes. The Inference of Interspecific Homology.- Chromosome Number in the Hominidae.- Comparative Studies with Chromosome Banding Techniques.- 1. G-and R-Banding.- 2. Q-Banding.- 3. C-Banding.- 4. G-11 Staining.- 5. Methylated DNA Sequences.- 6. T-Banding.- 7. Ammoniacal Silver (Ag-AS) Staining.- The Inference of Chromosome Homology Through Different Degrees of Similarity.- 1. Chromosomes with Identical Morphology and G- (or R-) Banding Pattern in All Species.- 2. Chromosomes with Very Similar Morphology in All Species.- 3. Homologous Chromosomes Between Species Which Can Be Derived from Each Other by Chromosome Rearrangement of G- (or R-) Band Regions.- 4. Homologous Chromosomes With a Similar Morphology but With G- Banding Pattern Which Neither Coincides With Nor Can be Derived by Chromosome Rearrangement.- 5. Chromosomes Having no Similar Counterpart in Any Other Species.- The Y Chromosome.- References.- 6. Chromosome Heteromorphisms in Man and the Great Apes as a Source of Chromosome Variation Within Species.- Chromosome Heteromorphisms in Man.- Chromosome Heteromorphisms in the Great Apes.- 1. Chromosome Heteromorphisms in Pan troglodytes.- 2. Chromosome Heteromorphisms in Pan paniscus.- 3. Chromosome Heteromorphisms in Gorilla gorilla.- 4. Chromosome Heteromorphisms in Pongo pygmaeus.- Phylogenetic Implications of Chromosome Variation in the Orangutan.- References.- 7. Chromosome Rearrangement and the Phylogeny of the Hominidae.- Inversions and Telomeric Fusions.- Implications of Chromosome Rearrangement: a Comparison with Other Species.- 1. Inversions.- 2. Translocations and Centric Fission.- 3. Telomeric Fusion.- The Reconstruction of the Ancestral Karyotype of the Hominidae and the Relationship Between Man and the Great Apes.- References.- 8. Chromosome Variation Versus Chromosome Fixation.- Allopatric and Stasipatric Models of Speciation.- References.- Section III. Comparative Gene Mapping And Molecular Cytogenetics. A New Approach to Cytotaxonomy.- 9. Composition of the Human Genome.- Repetitive and Non-Repetitive DNA Sequences.- Palindromes and Tandem Repeats.- Satellite DNA and Sequence Heterogeneity.- References.- 10. Evolution of Non-Repetitive DNA Sequences in Man and the Great Apes.- Nucleotide Substitutions and Phyletic Divergence.- Man and the Great Apes: Phylogenetic Implications.- Is Man an Asian Ape?.- References.- 11. Evolution of Structural Gene Sequences.- Missense Mutations and Amino Acid Substitutions.- Molecular Evolutionary Clocks and the Human-Ape Divergence.- The Maximum Parsimony Approach and the Decelerated Rates of Molecular Evolution in the Higher Primates and Man.- Whence Come Chromosomes?.- References.- 12. Comparative Gene Mapping in Man and Other Primates.- The Evolution of Chromosomes as Syntenic Groups.- The Conservation of the Syntenic Groups Among the Hominidae and Cercopithecoidea.- Comparative Gene Mapping Between Hominidae-Cercopithe- coidea and the Possible Origin of Chromosome 1 in Man.- Are Chromosomes Frozen Accidents?.- Gene Duplication, Polyploidy, and Evolutionary Frozen Chromosomes.- References.- 13. Evolution of Repetitive DNA Sequences in Man and Other Primates.- Repetitive DNA in the Primates.- Repetitive DNA in Man.- Satellite DNAs in Man and Other Organisms. Possible Explanations of Their Evolutionary Conservation.- References.- 14. The Chromosome Distribution of Homologous Sequences to the Four Human Satellite DNAs in the Hominidae.- The Distribution of Satellite I, II, III and IV in the Human Chromosome Complement.- The Distribution of Homologous Sequences to the Four Human Satellite I, II, III, and IV DNA in the Chromosome Complement of the Great Apes.- Interspecific Chromosome Homologies in the Hominidae in Relation to Hybridisation. Independent Amplification of Highly Repetitive DNAs After Speciation.- References.- 15. DNA Composition of Constitutive Heterochromatin in the Chromosome Complement of Man and the Great Apes.- Constitutive Heterochromatin as Demonstrated by C-Banding.- G-11 Regions and Satellite III-Rich Regions.- References.- 16. The Chromosomal Distribution of Ribosomal Genes in Man and the Great Apes.- rDNA Genes in Man.- 18S and 28S Cistrons in the Great Apes and Other Primates.- 5S rDNA Cistrons in Man and the Great Apes.- References.- 17. Late DNA Replicating Patterns in the Chromosomes of Man and the Great Apes.- DNA Replication at the Chromosome Level.- DNA Replication Sites in Relation to Chromosome Banding.- The X Chromosome.- Euchromatin, Heterochromatin and DNA Replication.- References.- 18: Evolution of Genome Size in Man and the Great Apes.- The DNA Content of Man and Other Organisms.- Why Has DNA Content Changed?.- References.
