A. Introduction.- B. Stages in Development Policies.- I. The Establishment of the White Highlands.- II. African Land Development up to the Early Fifties.- III. The Emergency and its Economic Consequences.- IV. Independence and the Africanisation of Kenya’s Agriculture.- C. A Benefit-Cost Analysis of Different Approaches to Agricultural Development in Kenya 1952–65.- I. Agricultural Administration and Extension.- 1. Aims, Institutions, Methods.- a) Aims.- b) Institutions.- c) Methods of Approach.- ?) Approach to the Farmer.- ?) Approach to the Location and its Land Tenure.- ?) Approach to Activities.- ?) Approach to the Farm.- ?) Approach to Means of Productions.- 2. Difficulties, Benefits and Costs.- a) Difficulties.- ?) Socio-Political Handicaps.- ?) Shortcomings in Husbandry.- ?) Inefficient Labor Use.- ?) Handicaps to Farm Planning.- ?) Handicaps of a Colonial Administration.- b) Benefits and Public Costs, an Analysis in Three Districts.- ?) Benefits.- ?) Public Costs.- 3. Evaluation.- II. Smallholder Tea Development (Field Sector only).- 1. Aims, Institutions and Methods.- a) Aims.- b) Institutions.- c) Methods.- 2. Difficulties, Benefits and Costs.- a) Difficulties.- b) Benefits.- c) Costs.- 3. Evaluation.- III. Grazing Schemes.- 1. Aims, Institutions and Methods.- 2. Difficulties, Benefits and Costs.- 3. Evaluation.- IV. Settlement in New Areas.- 1. Aims, Institutions and Methods.- a) Aims.- b) Institutions.- c) Methods.- ?) Settlement in Expansion Areas.- ?) Planned Settlement on Rain-fed Land.- ?) Irrigation Settlement.- 2. Difficulties, Benefits and Costs.- a) Settlement on Rain-fed Land.- b) Irrigation Settlement.- 3. Evaluation.- V. Resettlement in the Former Scheduled Areas.- 1. Aims, Institutions and Methods.- a) Aims.- b) Institutions.- c) Methods.- 2. Difficulties, Benefits and Costs.- a) Difficulties.- ?) The Crash Programme.- ?) Tribal Rigidities.- ?) Arbitrary Selection of Settlers.- ?) Shortcomings in Animal Husbandry.- ?) Problems of Land Use.- ?) Increase in Erosion.- ?) Hoe, Ox-Plough or Tractor?.- ?) Non-fulfilment of the Budget Targets.- ?) Over-burdened Co-operatives.- ?) Insufficient Authority and Supervision.- b) Benefits.- ?) Political Benefits.- ?) Social Benefits.- ?) Economic Benefits.- c) Costs.- 3. Evaluation.- VI. African Large Farms in the Former Scheduled Areas.- 1. Aims, Institutions and Methods.- a) Aims.- b) Institutions.- c) Methods.- 2. Difficulties, Benefits and Costs.- a) Difficulties.- ?) Lack of Capital.- ?) Lack of Appropriate Institutions.- ?) Lack of Know-how and Drive.- b) Benefits and Costs.- ?) Benefits.- ?) Costs.- 3. Evaluation.- VII An Economie Comparison.- D. The Changes Since Independence.- I. Africanisation.- II. African Socialism.- III. The Development Plan 1965–70.- E. Future Aspects of Production Development Policy.- I. Indications for a New Appraisal.- II. The Paramount Importance of Urban Purchasing Power for Progress in Agriculture.- III. Future Aspects of Smallholder Development in the Former Reserves.- 1. Possibilities and Limitations of “Close Supervision”.- 2. Possibilities and Limitations of the “Voluntary Approach”.- 3. Possibilities and Limitations of “Direct Pressure”.- 4. A Possible Answer: The Combination of Incentives and Indirect Pressure.- a) Loans to Smallholders.- b) A High Tax on the Land.- c) The Importance of Land Registration.- IV. Future Aspects of Agricultural Development in the Former Scheduled Areas.- 1. The Need for More Africanisation.- 2. Stabilisation and Expansion of Resettlement Schemes.- a) Stabilisation.- b) Expansion.- 3. Stabilisation and Expansion of the Large Farm Economy.- a) The Need for Large Farms.- b) A New Approach to African Large Farms.- c) Co-operative Farms.- d) National Farms.- V. New Aspects of Land Development.- 1. Grazing Development.- 2. New Land for Arable Farming.- 3. Irrigation Development.- F. Conclusions.- G. Appendices.
