The Earth's Lower Mantle

Introduction: History of the problem<div>1. Models of the Earth’s mantle</div><div>2. High-pressure experimental data on ultramafic and mafic systems</div><div>3. Natural lower-mantle minerals</div><div> 3.1. General</div><div> 3.2. Ultramafic association</div><div> 3.3. Mafic association</div><div></div><div> 3.4. Carbonatitic association</div><div>4. Lower-mantle mineral associations </div><div> 4.1. Ultramafic</div><div> 4.2. Mafic</div><div> 4.3. Carbonatitic association, its origin and role in the formation of diamond</div><div>5. Some problems in the mineral composition of the lower mantle</div><div>6. Iron spin crossover in lower mantle minerals</div><div> 6.1. (Mg,Fe)O </div><div> 6.2. Bridgmanite </div><div> 6.3. Distribution of iron between (Mg,Fe)O and bridgmanite: theoretical constructions, experiments and natural compositions</div><div>7. Phase transitions in lower-mantle minerals </div><div> 7.1. Bridgmanite </div><div> 7.2. CaSi-perovskite&n</div>bsp;<div> 7.3. (Mg,Fe)O </div><div> 7.4. SiO2 </div><div> 7.5. Other minerals</div><div>8. Crystallographic features (regularities) of lower-mantle mineral phases </div><div>9. Changes in properties of chemical elements under high pressures and possible new mineral compounds in Deep Earth</div>10. Seismic inhomogeneities in the lower mantle and their nature<div>11. Local inhomogeneities in the lower mantle</div><div>12. Geochemistry of the lower mantle </div><div> 12.1. General composition of the lower mantle </div><div> 12.2. Trace element geochemistry </div><div> 12.3. Volatiles in the lower mantle </div><div> 12.4. Isotopic characteristics of carbon, oxygen and nitrogen in the lower mantle</div><div>13. Oxidation potential in the lower mantle</div><div>14. D" layer: transition from the lower mantle to the Earth’s core. (Postperovskite and other minerals in the D" layer)  </div><div>15. Conclusions. Compositional model of the lower mantle</div>. Further problems <div>References</div><div>Subject index</div>