<p>Preface</p><p>Introduction </p><p>1. ALKANES, COMPOSITION, CONSTITUTION, AND CONFIGURATION<br>1.1. About Nomenclature <br>1.2. Configuration, and Shape of Molecules<br>1.3. Molecular Dynamics and Conformations<br>1.4. Cycloalkanes<br> 1.4.1. Cyclohexane<br> 1.4.2. Cyclopentane<br> 1.4.3. Cyclobutane and Cyclopropane<br>1.5. Polycyclic Hydrocarbons</p><p>2. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS</p><p>3. ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF ORGANIC MOLECULES<br>3.1. Covalent Bonds <br>3.2. Molecular Orbitals<br>3.3. Electron Density Distribution and the Shape of Molecules<br>3.4. Bond Energy, Bond Lengths, and Molecular Vibrations<br>3.5. Determination of the Organic Molecular Structure by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy </p><p>4. ALKENES AND ALKYNES<br>4.1. Constitution and Nomenclature<br>4.2. Configurations of Alkenes <br>4.3. Electronic Structure and Reactions of Alkenes<br>4.4. Addition Reactions on Alkenes, and the Reaction Mechanism Concept<br>4.5. Additions of Hydrogen Halides<br>4.6. Oxidations and Polymerization of Alkenes<br>4.7. Aromatic Hydrocarbons<br>4.8. Hydrocarbons in Biology </p><p>5. SUBSTITUTIONS ON SATURATED CARBON ATOM; Alkyl halides, Alcohols, Thiols, Ethers, Amines<br>5.1. Substitutions of radicals<br> 5.1.1. Alkyl halides<br> 5.1.2. Polarity of Bonds and Dipole Moment<br>5.2. Nucleophilic Substitutions and eliminations<br> 5.2.1. Reaction Mechanisms of Nucleophilic Substitutions<br> 5.2.2. Alcohols <br> 5.2.3. Ethers<br> 5.2.4. Thiols and Sulfides<br> 5.2.5. Amines</p><p>6. NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITIONS; Compounds with Carbonyl Group<br>6.1. Aldehydes and Ketones <br> 6.1.1. Carbon as Nucleophile<br> 6.1.2. Condensations with Amines, Imines<br> 6.1.3. Reductions of Aldehydes and Ketones<br />6.2. Carboxylic Acids</p><p>7. STEREOCHEMISTRY, SYMMETRY, AND MOLECULAR CHIRALITY </p><p>8. DERIVATIVES OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS <br>8.1. Anhydrides<br>8.2. Esters, Nucleophilic Substitution on the Unsaturated Carbon <br>8.3. Acyl Halides<br>8.4. Amides</p><p>9. ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTIONS <br>9.1. Reactions of Aromatic Compounds<br>9.2. Orientations of Substituents in Aromatic Substitutions</p><p>10. CYCLOADDITIONS</p><p>11. ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS<br>11.1. Amino acids and peptides<br>11.2. Carbohydrates<br> 11.2.1. Cyclic Structures of Monosaccharide Molecules<br> 11.2.2. Disaccharides and Polysaccharides<br>11.3. Glycosides and nucleotides<br>11.4. Lipids<br> 11.4.1. Waxes<br> 11.4.2. Fats <br> 11.4.3. Phospholipids<br> 11.4.4. Terpenes and Steroids<br> 11.4.4.1. Terpenes as Secondary Metabolites<br>11.5. Alkaloids<br>11.6. Organic and bioorganic reactions</p><p>INDEX</p>
