Alpine Treelines

<p>1.  High elevation treelines</p><p>1.1 The task</p><p>1.2 Previous works</p><p> </p><p>2.  Definitions and conventions</p><p>2.1 The life form ‘tree’</p><p>2.2 Lines and transitions</p><p>2.3 Limitation, stress and disturbance</p><p>2.4 Altitude-related and other environmental drivers</p><p>2.5 Treeline nomenclature</p><p> </p><p>3.  Treeline patterns</p><p>3.1 Treeline taxa</p><p>3.2 The summit syndrome and other treeline depressions</p><p>3.3 Mass elevation effect</p><p>3.4 Treeline elevation</p><p>3.5 Time matters</p><p>3.6 Forest structure near treeline</p><p>                                         </p><p>4.  Treeline climate</p><p>4.1 Specific aspects of treeline climatology</p><p>4.2 Criteria to define temperature regimes at treeline</p><p>4.3 Treeline temperatures in different bioclimatic regions</p><p>4.4 Seedbed and branch temperatures</p><p>4.5 Whole forest temperatures</p><p> </p><p>5.  Global mountain statistics based on treeline elevation</p><p>5.1 Mountain geostatistics</p><p>5.2 Elevational belts</p><p>5.3 Global treeline ecotones</p><p> </p><p>6.  Structure and stature of treeline trees</p><p>6.1 Foliage properties</p><p>6.2 Wood properties</p><p>6.3 Bark properties</p><p>6.4 Root traits</p><p>6.5 Tree stature</p><p>6.6 Dry matter allocation in treeline trees</p><p> </p><p>7.  Growth and development</p><p>7.1 Tree growth near treeline</p><p>7.2 Xylogenesis at treeline</p><p>7.3 Apical growth dynamics</p><p>7.4 Root growth</p><p>7.5 Phenology at treeline</p><p> </p><p>8.  Evolutionary adjustments to life at treeline</p><p>8.1 Phylogenetic selection</p><p>8.2 Genotypic responses of growth and development</p><p>8.3 Genotypic responses of physiological traits</p><p> </p><p>9.  Reproduction, early life stages and tree demography</p><p>9.1 Amount and quality of seeds at high elevation</p><p>9.2 Germination, seedling and sapling stage</p><p>9.3 Tree demography at treeline</p><p> </p><p>10.  Freezing and other forms of stress</p><p>10.1 Stress at treeline in a fitness context</p><p>10.2 Mechanisms and principles of freezing resistance</p><p>10.3 Freezing resistance in treeline trees</p><p>10.4 Other forms of stress at treeline</p><p> </p><p>11.  Water, nutrient and carbon relations</p><p>11.1 Tree water relations during the growing season</p><p>11.2 Nutrient relations</p><p>11.3 Carbon relations</p><p> </p><p>12.  Treeline formation – currently, in the past and in the future</p><p> 12.1 Causes of current treelines</p><p>12.2 Treelines in the recent past</p><p>12.3. Treelines in the distant past (Holocene)</p><p>12.4 Future treelines</p><p><p>References</p><p>Taxonomic index</p><p>Subject index</p><p>