Astrophysics Is Easy!

Ch 1. Tools of the trade<div>1. New Section - Telescope Basics&nbsp;</div><div> a. Basic formulae to explain magnification, resolution, field-of-view, light-grasp, etc..</div><div> b. Use of internet for star-maps, planetariums, etc.. </div>2. Distances<div>a. The Nearest Stars To Us</div><div>3. Brightness and Luminosity</div><div>4. Magnitudes</div><div>a. The Brightest Stars</div><div>5. Colour</div>a. Coloured Stars<div>6. Size and Mass</div><div>a. The Biggest Stars</div><div>7. Star Constituents</div><div>8. Spectra and Spectroscopy</div><div>9. Stellar Classification</div>a. The Spectral Sequence<div>10. The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram</div><div>11. The H-R diagram and Stellar Radius</div><div>12. The H-R diagram and Stellar Luminosity</div><div>13. The H-R diagram and Stellar Mass</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>Ch 2. The Solar System </div><div> 1 The Scientific Method</div><div> 2 Early History</div><div>i. The Ancient Greeks</div><div>ii. Copernicus</div><div>iii. Tycho</div><div>iv. Kepler</div><div>v. Galileo</div><div>vi. Newton</div><div>3 The Motions of the Planets</div><div>b. Kepler’s Three Laws</div><div>c. Newton & Gravity</div><div>d. Newton’s Laws of Motion</div><div>e. Newton’s Law Of Gravitational Attraction</div><div>f. The Tides</div><div>2. New Section - The Greenhouse Effect</div><div>3. Observing the Planets</div><div><br></div><div>Ch 3. The Interstellar Medium</div><div>1. Introduction</div><div>2. Nebulæ</div><div>3. Emission Nebulæ</div><div>a. Brightest Emission Nebulæ</div><div>4. Dark Nebulæ</div><div>a. Famous Dark Nebulæ</div><div>5. Reflection Nebulæ</div><div>a. Brightest Reflection Nebulae</div><div>6. Molecular Clouds</div><div>7. Protostars</div><div>8. The Jeans Criterion</div><div><br></div><div>Ch 4. Star Birth</div><div>1. The Birth of a Star</div><div>2. Pre-Main Sequence Evolution and the Effect of Mass</div><div>3. Mass Loss and Mass Gain&nbsp;</div>a. T Tauri Stars<div>b. Discs and Winds</div><div>4. Clusters and Groups of Stars</div><div>a. Galactic Star Clusters</div><div>i. Bright Star Clusters</div><div>5. Stellar Associations and Streams</div><div>a. Bright Stellar Associations and Streams</div><div>6. Star Formation Triggers</div><div><br></div><div>Ch 5. The Sun and Stars</div><div>1. The Sun – The Nearest Star</div><div>a. From the Core to the Surface</div>b. The Proton-Proton Chain<div>c. Energy Transport from the Core to the Surface</div><div>d. New Section – Sunspots</div><div>e. New Section – The Solar Cycle</div><div>2. Binary Stars and Stellar Mass</div><div>3. Binary Stars</div><div>a. Visual Binary Stars</div><div>4. The Masses of Orbiting Stars</div><div>5. Lifetimes of Main-Sequence Stars</div><div>6. Red Giant Stars</div><div>a. Bright Red Giant Stars</div><div>7. Helium Burning and the Helium Flash</div><div>a. Helium Burning</div><div>b. The Helium Flash</div><div>8. Star Clusters, Red Giants and the H-R Diagram</div><div>9. Post Main-Sequence Star clusters: The Globular Clusters.</div><div>a. Bright Globular Clusters</div>b. New Section – Are Globulars galaxy corpses?<div>10. Pulsating Stars</div><div>a. Why do Stars Pulsate?</div><div>b. Cepheid Variables and the Period-Luminosity Relation</div><div>c. Cepheid’s: Temperature and Mass</div><div>d. RR Lyrae and Long-Period Variable Stars</div><div>e. Bright Cepheid Variables</div><div>f. Bright RR Lyrae Variables</div><div><br></div><div>Ch 6. The Death of Stars</div><div>1. The Asymptotic Giant Branch</div><div>2. Dredge-Ups</div><div>3. Mass Loss and Stellar Winds</div><div>4. Infrared Stars</div><div>5. The End Of An AGB Star’s Life</div><div>a. Bright Carbon Stars</div><div>6. Planetary Nebulae</div><div>a. Bright Planetary Nebulae</div><div>7. White Dwarf Stars</div><div>a. Electron Degeneracy</div><div>b. The Chandrasekhar Limit</div><div>c. New Section – Is the Chandrasekhar Limit correct?</div><div>d. White Dwarf Evolution</div>e. White Dwarf Origins<div>f. Bright White Dwarfs</div><div>8. High Mass Stars and Nuclear Burning</div><div>a. Bright Supergiant Stars</div><div>9. Iron, Supernovæ and the Formation of the Elements</div><div>a. Supernovæ Remnants</div><div>b. Supernovæ Types</div><div>c. New Section - Hypernovae</div><div>10. The End Result of High Mass Star Evolution: Neutron Stars, Pulsars, and Black Holes</div><div>a. Neutron Stars</div><div>b. Pulsars</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>NEW Chapter - Special Relativity </div><div>a. The Speed of Light</div><div>b. The Lorentz Equations.</div><div>c. Paradox’s.</div><div><br></div><div> NEW Chapter - General Relativity</div><div>a. Warped Space and Time</div><div>b. Why is Gravity so weak?</div><div>c. General relativity in the solar system.</div><div>d. Gravitational Waves</div><div>e. 2018 – First contact</div><br><div>NEW Chapter – Black Holes&nbsp;</div><div>a. The Singularity</div><div>b. Time Travel</div><div>c. Kerr Black Holes</div><div>d. Rotating and non-symmetrical Black Holes</div><div>e. Imaging the Event Horizon</div><div><br></div><div>Ch 7. Exoplanets </div><div>2. A new science</div><div>a. Methods of Detection</div><div>b. Bright Exoplanets</div><div>c. New Section – Exo-moons, exo-comets, exo-asteroids</div><div><br></div><div>Ch 8. Galaxies</div><div>1. Introduction</div><div>2. Galaxy Types</div><div>3. Galaxy Structure</div><div>4. Stellar Populations</div><div>5. Hubble Classification of Galaxies</div><div>6. New section - Other types of galaxy classification</div><div>7. Observing Galaxies</div><div>a. Spiral Galaxies</div><div>b. Barred Spiral Galaxies</div><div>c. Elliptical Galaxies</div><div>d. Lenticular Galaxies</div><div>e. Irregular Galaxies</div><div><br></div><div>Ch 9. Active Galaxies</div><div>1. The Active Galactic Zoo</div><div>2. The structure and evolution of AGN’s</div><div>a. Brightest Active Galaxies</div><div><br></div><div>Ch 10. Cosmology </div><div>1 Gravitational Lensing</div><div>2 Redshift, Distance and the Hubble Law</div><div>3 Quasar Redshift Problem</div><div>4 Clusters of Galaxies</div><div>a. Groups and Clusters of Galaxies</div><div>5 The Beginning of the Universe</div><div>6 The End of the Universe</div><div>7 Other Cosmologies</div><div>8 Amateur Observational Cosmology?</div><div><br></div><div>New Chapter – the Speculative Universe</div><div>a. Beyond the Multiverse</div><div>b. Infinite Universe</div><div>c. Inflation, then the Big Bang.</div><div>d. Filamentary nature of Dark Matter.</div><div>e. MOND – The elephant in the room</div><div>f. Endnote</div><div><br></div>