Dynamical Chaos in Planetary Systems
Samenvatting
This is the first monograph dedicated entirely to problems of stability and chaotic behaviour in planetary systems and its subsystems. The author explores the three rapidly developing interplaying fields of resonant and chaotic dynamics of Hamiltonian systems, the dynamics of Solar system bodies, and the dynamics of exoplanetary systems. The necessary concepts, methods and tools used to study dynamical chaos (such as symplectic maps, Lyapunov exponents and timescales, chaotic diffusion rates, stability diagrams and charts) are described and then used to show in detail how the observed dynamical architectures arise in the Solar system (and its subsystems) and in exoplanetary systems. The book concentrates, in particular, on chaotic diffusion and clearing effects. The potential readership of this book includes scientists and students working in astrophysics, planetary science, celestial mechanics, and nonlinear dynamics.
Specificaties
Inhoudsopgave
<p>1 Chaotic behaviour 13</p>
<p>1.1 Pendulum, resonances and chaos 13</p>
<p>1.2 Models of resonance ...... . 15</p>
<p>1.3 Interaction and overlap of resonances . 15</p>
<p>1.4 Symplectic maps in general 16</p>
<p>1.5 The standard map ....... . 18</p>
<p>1.6 The separatrix map ...... . 19</p>
<p>1.7 The separatrix algorithmic map 23</p>
<p>1.8 Geometry of chaotic layers . . . . 26</p>
<p> </p>
<p>2 Numerical tools for studies of dynamical chaos 41</p>
<p>2.1 The Lyapunov exponents ....... . 41</p>
<p>2.2 The Poincare sections ......... . 50</p>
<p>2.3 Stability diagrams and dynamical charts 51</p>
<p>2.4 Statistics of Poincare recurrences 51</p>
<p> </p>
<p>3 Adiabatic and non-adiabatic chaos: the Lyapunov timescales 53</p>
<p>3.1 Non-adiabatic chaos ... . 54</p>
<p>3.1.1 Chirikov's constant .... . 54</p>
<p>3.2 Adiabatic chaos .......... . 62</p>
<p>3.3 The Lyapunov timescales in resonance doublets and triplets 71</p>
<p>3.4 The Lyapunov exponents in resonance multiplets 74</p>
<p> </p>
<p>4 Chaotic diffusion 79</p>
<p>4.1 Diffusion rates 79</p>
<p>4.1.1 Diffusion rates in resonance multiplets ..... . 79</p>
4.1.2 Diffusion rates in resonance triplets and doublets 81<p><br></p><p>5 Lyapunov and diffusion timescales: relationships 85</p><p>5.1 Finite-time Lyapunov exponents 87</p><p>5.2 The generic relationship .... 87</p><p>5.3 Conditions for the relationship 90</p><p>5.4 Numerical examples . . . . . . 91</p><p> </p><p>6 Widths of chaotic layers 99</p><p>6.1 Extents of chaotic domains . . . . . . . . . . . . 99</p><p>6.1.1 The separatrix split . . . . . . . . . . . . 102</p><p>6.1.2 Early estimates of the chaotic layer width 105</p><p>6.2 "Generic" width of the chaotic layer . . . . . . . 107</p><p>6.2.1 The layer width in the case of non-adiabatic chaos 109</p><p>6.2.2 The layer width in the case of adiabatic chaos . . . 109</p><p>6.3 Marginal resonances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122</p><p>6.3.1 Marginal resonances in the case of non-adiabatic chaos . 123</p><p>6.3.2 Marginal resonances in the case of adiabatic chaos 124</p><p>6.3.3 Marginal resonances: theory versus simulations 124</p><p>6.3.4 Marginal resonances: phase space sections . . . . . 130</p><p> </p><p>7 Orbital dynamics with encounters: the encounter and Kepler maps 133</p><p>7.1 The encounter map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134</p><p>7.1.1 Derivation of the encounter map . . . . 134</p><p>7.1.2 Width of the chaotic layer: the µ217 law 136</p><p>7.1.3 The Wisdom gaps . . . . . . 139</p><p>7.2 The Kepler map . . . . . . . . . . . 141</p><p>7.2.1 Prehistory of the Kepler map 143</p><p>7.2.2 Derivation of the Kepler map 146</p><p>7.2.3 Width of the chaotic layer: the µ215 law 153</p><p>7.2.4 The Kepler map as a generalized separatrix map 154</p><p>7.2.5 The Lyapunov and diffusion timescales of cometary motion158</p><p> </p><p>8 Hamiltonian intermittency and Levy fl.ights in the three-body problem 161</p><p>8.1 Two kinds of Hamiltonian intermittency 162</p><p>8.2 Overview of generalized separatrix maps 163</p><p>8.3 Levy flights at the edge of escape: the distribution . . . . . . . . . 165</p><p>8.4 Levy flights at the edge of escape:the "TL - Tr" relation . . . . . . . 175</p><p>8.5 Ways of disruption of three-body systems 181</p><p> </p><p>II Resonances and chaos in the Solar system 185</p><p>9 Order and chaos in the Solar system: historical background 189</p><p> </p><p>10 Chaotic rotation 193</p><p>10.1 Chaotic rotation of satellites . . . . . . . . . . . 193</p><p>10.1.1 Spin-orbit resonances . . . . . . . . . . 196</p><p>10.1.2 Lyapunov timescales of chaotic rotation 200</p><p>10.1.3 Widths of chaotic layers . . . . . . . . . 202</p><p>10.1.4 Chaotic planar rotation and chaotic tumbling 203</p><p>10.1.5 Stability with respect to tilting the axis of rotation . 211</p><p>10.2 Chaotic obliquities of planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217</p><p> </p><p>11 Chaotic orbital dynamics of minor bodies 221</p><p>11.1 Chaotic dynamics of satellite systems. . . . . . . . . . . 221</p><p>11.1.1 Generalization of the separatrix algorithmic map 224</p><p>11.1.2 The Miranda-Umbriel system . . . 228</p><p>11.1.3 The Mimas-Tethys system . . . . 231</p><p>11.1.4 The Prometheus-Pandora system. 234</p><p>11.2 Chaos in orbital dynamics of asteroids . . 245</p><p>11.2.1 The D'Alembert rules . . . . . . . 249</p><p>11.2.2 Resonant structure of the asteroid and Kuiper belts 251</p><p>11.2.3 Chaos in orbital dynamics of TNOs 254</p><p>11.2.4 Two-body resonances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256</p><p>11.2.5 Three-body resonances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259</p><p>11.2.6 Statistics of asteroids in two-body and three-body reso- nances . . . . . . .262</p><p>11.2.7 Lyapunov exponents in three-body resonances. . . 266</p><p>11.2.8 Statistics of mean motion resonances: an overview 268</p><p>11.2.9 Secular resonances . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270</p><p>11.2.lODiffusion timescales of asteroidal motion . . . . 271</p><p>11.3 Binary and multiple asteroids and TNOs. . . . . . . . 275</p><p>11.3.1 Chaotic zones around rotating contact binaries 276</p><p>11.3.2 Ida and Dactyl . . . . 276</p><p>11.4 Chaos in cometary dynamics 278</p><p>11.4.1 The Halley comet 278</p><p> </p><p>12 Chaotic orbital dynamics of planets</p><p>12.1 Relevant three-body resonances ...</p><p> </p><p>III Dynamics of exoplanets</p><p>13 Exoplanets: an overview</p><p>13.1 History and methods of discovery of exoplanets</p><p>13.2 Definition of a planet . . . . . . . . . .</p><p>13.3 Typology and properties of exoplanets</p><p>13.3.1 Types of exoplanets ....</p><p>13.3.2 Types of planetary systems</p><p>13.4 Planetary configurations . . . . . .</p><p>13.5 Dominant resonances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . </p><p> </p><p>14 Secular dynamics of hierarchical planetary systems 309</p><p> </p><p>15 Location and interaction of resonances 313</p><p>15.1 The circumprimary case (case of the outer perturber) 313</p><p>15.2 The circumbinary case (case of the inner perturber) 314</p><p>15.3 Apsidal precession of circumbinary orbits 315</p><p>15.4 The Mardling theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316</p><p> </p><p>16 Chaos as a clearing agent 323</p><p>16.1 Stability criteria and chaotic clearing effects 323</p><p>16.2 The Hill criterion and the Hill sphere . . . . 324</p><p>16.3 The Wisdom criterion and the Wisdom gap 325</p><p>16.4 The Mustill-Wyatt relation . . . . . . . . . 327</p><p>16.5 The Kepler map criterion and the circumbinary clearance effect 327</p><p>16.6 The Holman-Wiegert criteria for circumbinary and circumstellar chaos. . . . . . . . . 329</p><p>16.7 Chaotic clearing effects in planetary systems . . . . . . . . . . . 329</p> <p></p><p>17 Chaotic zones around gravitating binaries 331</p><p>17.1 Radial extent of the circumbinary chaotic zone . . . . . . . . . 336</p><p>17.2 Stability diagrams for circumbinary exoplanets . . . . . . . . . 339</p><p>17.3 The mass parameter threshold and the diversity of observed ex- osystems ........... 339</p><p> </p><p>18 Chaos in multiplanet systems 345</p><p>18.1 Multiplanet systems of single stars 345</p><p>18.2 Chaotic multiplanet systems. 346</p><p>18.3 Anomalous systems . . . . . . . . . 351</p><p> </p><p>19 Chaos in planetary systems of binary stars 353</p><p>19.1 S-systems and P-systems. . . 353</p><p>19.2 The a Centauri A-B system . . . . 353</p><p>19.3 The 16 Cyg system . . . . . . . . . 354</p><p>19.4 The Kepler circumbinary systems . 355</p><p>19.5 The Moriwaki-Nakagawa criterion and formation of circumbinary planets . . . . . . . . 365</p><p> </p><p>20 The Lidov-Kozai effect and chaos in exoplanetary systems 367</p><p>20.1 LKE in multiplanet systems . . . . . . . . . . . 368</p><p>20.2 LKE in planetary systems of binary stars . . . 370</p><p>20.3 Chaos in the planetary motion subject to LKE 372</p><p> </p><p>21 Challenges and prospects 375</p><p>Appendix A </p><p>Appendix B</p><p>Appendix C</p><p> </p><p>Bibliography</p><p><br></p><p><br></p>

