The Heterogeneity of Cancer Metabolism

<p>A. The metabolism of cancer cells</p> <p>I. Glucose metabolism</p> <p>1. The Warburg Effect</p> <p>2. Up-regulation of glucose uptake</p> 3. Dysregulation of TCA cycle<p></p> <p>4. Dysregulation of pentose phosphate pathway</p> <p>5. Glycogen and gluconeogenesis</p> <p>5. Targeting glucose metabolism for cancer therapy</p> <p>II. Glutamine Metabolism</p> <p>6. Glutamine addiction</p> <p>7. TCA cycle fed solely by glutamine </p> <p>8. Reductive carboxylation</p> <p>9. Targeting glutamine metabolism for cancer therapy</p> <p>III. Amino acid metabolism</p> <p>10. Transaminase up-regulation</p> <p>11. Targeting amino acid synthesis for cancer therapy</p> <p>IV. Lipid metabolism</p> <p>12. Dysregulation of lipid metabolism in cancer</p> <p>13. Targeting lipid metabolism for cancer therapy</p> <p>V. Epigenetics and oncometabolites&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </p> <p>B. Heterogeneity of Cancer Metabolism</p> I. Specific oncogenic mutations lead to specific metabolic phenotypes within same tissue of origin <p></p> <p>14. Pancreatic cancer</p> <p>15. Glioblastomas</p> <p>16. Renal cell carcinomas</p> <p>17. Breast cancers</p> <p>18. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma</p> <p>II. Intratumoral heterogeneity of cancer cell metabolism</p> 19. Intratumoral genetic alterations leads to adaptive metabolic heterogeneity<p></p> <p>20. Different tumor microenvironments lead to different metabolic phenotypes</p> <p>III. Differential metabolism in vitro and in vivo</p> <p><br></p><p>C. Carcinoma associated fibroblasts (CAFs)</p> <p>21. Characteristics of CAFs</p> <p>22. Reverse Warburg effect</p> <p>23. Metabolic exchange between CAFs and cancer cells</p>