Dielectric Materials for Electrical Engineering

<p>PART 1. GENERAL PHYSICS PHENOMENA 1</p>
<p>Chapter 1. Physics of Dielectrics 3<br /> Guy BLAISE and Daniel TREHEUX</p>
<p>1.1. Definitions 3</p>
<p>1.2. Different types of polarization 4</p>
<p>1.3. Macroscopic aspects of the polarization 8</p>
<p>1.4. Bibliography 16</p>
<p>Chapter 2. Physics of Charged Dielectrics: Mobility and Charge Trapping 17<br /> Guy BLAISE and Daniel TREHEUX</p>
<p>2.1. Introduction 17</p>
<p>2.2. Localization of a charge in an ideally perfect and pure polarizable medium 18</p>
<p>2.3. Localization and trapping of carriers in a real material 26</p>
<p>2.4. Detrapping 33</p>
<p>2.5. Bibliography 35</p>
<p>Chapter 3. Conduction Mechanisms and Numerical Modeling of Transport in Organic Insulators: Trends and Perspectives 37<br /> Fulbert BAUDOIN, Christian LAURENT, S&eacute;verine LE ROY and Gilbert TEYSSEDRE</p>
<p>3.1. Introduction 37</p>
<p>3.2. Molecular modeling applied to polymers 40</p>
<p>3.3. Macroscopic models 51</p>
<p>3.4. Trends and perspectives 63</p>
<p>3.5. Conclusions 68</p>
<p>3.6. Bibliography 69</p>
<p>Chapter 4. Dielectric Relaxation in Polymeric Materials 79<br /> Eric DANTRAS, J&eacute;r&ocirc;me MENEGOTTO, Philippe DEMONT and Colette LACABANNE</p>
<p>4.1. Introduction 79</p>
<p>4.2. Dynamics of polarization mechanisms 79</p>
<p>4.3. Orientation polarization in the time domain 81</p>
<p>4.4. Orientation polarization in the frequency domain 83</p>
<p>4.5. Temperature dependence 87</p>
<p>4.6. Relaxation modes of amorphous polymers 92</p>
<p>4.7. Relaxation modes of semi–crystalline polymers 96</p>
<p>4.8. Conclusion 98</p>
<p>4.9. Bibliography 99</p>
<p>Chapter 5. Electrification 101<br /> G&eacute;rard TOUCHARD</p>
<p>5.1. Introduction 101</p>
<p>5.2. Electrification of solid bodies by separation/contact 101</p>
<p>5.3. Electrification of solid particles 108</p>
<p>5.4. Conclusion 115</p>
<p>5.5. Bibliography 115</p>
<p>PART 2. PHENOMENA ASSOCIATED WITH ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS AGEING 117</p>
<p>Chapter 6. Space Charges: Definition, History, Measurement 119<br /> Alain TOUREILLE, Petru NOTINGHER, J&eacute;r&ocirc;me CASTELLON and Serge AGNEL</p>
<p>6.1. Introduction 119</p>
<p>6.2. History 120</p>
<p>6.3. Space charge measurement methods in solid insulators 123</p>
<p>6.4. Trends and perspectives 129</p>
<p>6.5. Bibliography 130</p>
<p>Chapter 7. Dielectric Materials under Electron Irradiation in a Scanning Electron Microscope 135<br /> Omar JBARA, Slim FAKHFAKH, S&eacute;bastien RONDOT and Dominique MOUZE</p>
<p>7.1. Introduction 135</p>
<p>7.2. Fundamental aspects of electron irradiation of solids 136</p>
<p>7.3. Physics of insulators 141</p>
<p>7.4. Applications: measurement of the trapped charge or the surface potential 153</p>
<p>7.5. Conclusion 159</p>
<p>7.6. Bibliography 160</p>
<p>Chapter 8. Precursory Phenomena and Dielectric Breakdown of Solids 165<br /> Christian MAYOUX, Nadine LAHOUD, Laurent BOUDOU and Juan MARTINEZ–VEGA</p>
<p>8.1. Introduction 165</p>
<p>8.2. Electrical breakdown 166</p>
<p>8.3. Precursory phenomena 168</p>
<p>8.4. Conclusion 179</p>
<p>8.5. Bibliography 180</p>
<p>Chapter 9. Models for Ageing of Electrical Insulation: Trends and Perspectives 189<br /> Nadine LAHOUD, Laurent BOUDOU, Christian MAYOUX and Juan MARTINEZ–VEGA</p>
<p>9.1. Introduction 189</p>
<p>9.2. Kinetic approach according to Zhurkov 190</p>
<p>9.3. Thermodynamic approach according to Crine 195</p>
<p>9.4. Microscopic approach according to Dissado Mazzanti Montanari 200</p>
<p>9.5. Conclusions and perspectives 206</p>
<p>9.6. Bibliography 207</p>
<p>PART 3. CHARACTERIZATION METHODS AND MEASUREMENT 209</p>
<p>Chapter 10. Response of an Insulating Material to an Electric Charge: Measurement and Modeling 211<br /> Philippe MOLINI&Eacute;</p>
<p>10.1. Introduction 211</p>
<p>10.2. Standard experiments 212</p>
<p>10.3. Basic electrostatic equations 213</p>
<p>10.4. Dipolar polarization 215</p>
<p>10.5. Intrinsic conduction 218</p>
<p>10.6. Space charge, injection and charge transport 220</p>
<p>10.7. Which model for which material? 226</p>
<p>10.8. Bibliography 227</p>
<p>Chapter 11. Pulsed Electroacoustic Method: Evolution and Development Perspectives for Space Charge Measurement 229<br /> Virginie GRISERI</p>
<p>11.1. Introduction 229</p>
<p>11.2. Principle of the method 230</p>
<p>11.3. Performance of the method 238</p>
<p>11.4. Diverse measurement systems 239</p>
<p>11.5. Development perspectives and conclusions 246</p>
<p>11.6. Bibliography 246</p>
<p>Chapter 12. FLIMM and FLAMM Methods: Localization of 3–D Space Charges at the Micrometer Scale 251<br /> Anca PETRE, Didier MARTY–DESSUS, Laurent BERQUEZ and Jean–Luc FRANCESCHI</p>
<p>12.1. Introduction 251</p>
<p>12.2. The FLIMM method 252</p>
<p>12.3. The FLAMM method 254</p>
<p>12.4. Modeling of the thermal gradient 255</p>
<p>12.5. Mathematical deconvolution 255</p>
<p>12.6. Results 258</p>
<p>12.7. Conclusion 267</p>
<p>12.8. Bibliography 267</p>
<p>Chapter 13. Space Charge Measurement by the Laser–Induced Pressure Pulse Technique 271<br /> David MALEC</p>
<p>13.1. Introduction 271</p>
<p>13.2. History 272</p>
<p>13.3. Establishment of fundamental equations for the determination of space charge distribution 272</p>
<p>13.4. Experimental setup 276</p>
<p>13.5. Performances and limitations 282</p>
<p>13.6. Examples of use of the method 283</p>
<p>13.7. Use of the LIPP method for surface charge measurement 285</p>
<p>13.8. Perspectives 285</p>
<p>13.9. Bibliography 285</p>
<p>Chapter 14. The Thermal Step Method for Space Charge Measurements 289<br /> Alain TOUREILLE, Serge AGNEL, Petru NOTINGHER and J&eacute;r&ocirc;me CASTELLON</p>
<p>14.1. Introduction 289</p>
<p>14.2. Principle of the thermal step method (TSM) 290</p>
<p>14.3. Numerical resolution methods 297</p>
<p>14.4. Experimental set–up 299</p>
<p>14.5. Applications 306</p>
<p>14.6. Conclusion 321</p>
<p>14.7. Bibliography 322</p>
<p>Chapter 15. Physico–Chemical Characterization Techniques of Dielectrics 325<br /> Christine MAYOUX and Christian MAYOUX</p>
<p>15.1. Introduction 325</p>
<p>15.2. Domains of application 326</p>
<p>15.3. The materials themselves 333</p>
<p>15.4. Conclusion 340</p>
<p>15.5. Bibliography 341</p>
<p>Chapter 16. Insulating Oils for Transformers 347<br /> Abderrahmane BEROUAL, Christophe PERRIER, Jean–Luc BESSEDE</p>
<p>16.1. Introduction 347</p>
<p>16.2. Generalities 348</p>
<p>16.3. Mineral oils 352</p>
<p>16.4. Synthetic esters or pentaerythritol ester 357</p>
<p>16.5. Silicone oils or PDMS 363</p>
<p>16.6. Halogenated hydrocarbons or PCB 366</p>
<p>16.7. Natural esters or vegetable oils 367</p>
<p>16.8. Security of employment of insulating oils 370</p>
<p>16.9. Conclusion and perspectives 373</p>
<p>16.10. Bibliography 374</p>
<p>Chapter 17. Electrorheological Fluids 379<br /> Jean–Numa FOULC</p>
<p>17.1. Introduction 379</p>
<p>17.2. Electrorheology 381</p>
<p>17.3. Mechanisms and modeling of the electrorheological effect 387</p>
<p>17.4. The conduction model 392</p>
<p>17.5. Giant electrorheological effect 396</p>
<p>17.6. Conclusion 397</p>
<p>17.7. Bibliography 397</p>
<p>Chapter 18. Electrolytic Capacitors 403<br /> Pascal VENET</p>
<p>18.1. Introduction 403</p>
<p>18.2. Generalities 404</p>
<p>18.3. Electrolytic capacitors 410</p>
<p>18.4. Aluminum liquid electrolytic capacitors 411</p>
<p>18.5. (Solid electrolyte) tantalum electrolytic capacitors 414</p>
<p>18.6. Models and characteristics 417</p>
<p>18.7. Failures of electrolytic capacitors 426</p>
<p>18.8. Conclusion and perspectives 431</p>
<p>18.9. Bibliography 432</p>
<p>Chapter 19. Ion Exchange Membranes for Low Temperature Fuel Cells 435<br /> Vicente COMPA&Ntilde; MORENO and Evaristo RIANDE GARCIA</p>
<p>19.1. Introduction 435</p>
<p>19.2. Homogenous cation–exchange membranes 438</p>
<p>19.3. Heterogenous ion exchange membranes 439</p>
<p>19.4. Polymer/acid membranes 441</p>
<p>19.5. Characterization of membranes 442</p>
<p>19.6. Experimental characterization of ion exchange membranes 457</p>
<p>19.7. Determination of membrane morphology using the SEM technique 469</p>
<p>19.8. Thermal stability 470</p>
<p>19.9. Acknowledgements 471</p>
<p>19.10. Bibliography 472</p>
<p>Chapter 20. Semiconducting Organic Materials for Electroluminescent Devices and Photovoltaic Conversion 477<br /> Pascale JOLINAT and Isabelle SEGUY</p>
<p>20.1. Brief history 477</p>
<p>20.2. Origin of conduction in organic semiconductors 479</p>
<p>20.3. Electrical and optical characteristics of organic semiconductors 480</p>
<p>20.4. Application to electroluminescent devices 482</p>
<p>20.5. Application to photovoltaic conversion 486</p>
<p>20.6. The processing of organic semiconductors 489</p>
<p>20.7. Conclusion 491</p>
<p>20.8. Bibliography 491</p>
<p>Chapter 21. Dielectric Coatings for the Thermal Control of Geostationary Satellites: Trends and Problems 495<br /> St&eacute;phanie REMAURY</p>
<p>21.1. Introduction 495</p>
<p>21.2. Space environment 496</p>
<p>21.3. The thermal control of space vehicles 501</p>
<p>21.4. Electrostatic phenomena in materials 503</p>
<p>21.5. Conclusion 512</p>
<p>21.6. Bibliography 513</p>
<p>Chapter 22. Recycling of Plastic Materials 515<br /> Pilar MARTINEZ and Eva VERDEJO</p>
<p>22.1. Introduction 515</p>
<p>22.2. Plastic materials 516</p>
<p>22.3. Plastic residues 519</p>
<p>22.4. Bibliography 529</p>
<p>Chapter 23. Piezoelectric Polymers and their Applications 531<br /> Alain BERNES</p>
<p>23.1. Introduction 531</p>
<p>23.2. Piezoelectric polymeric materials 532</p>
<p>23.3. Electro–active properties of piezoelectric polymers 538</p>
<p>23.4. Piezoelectricity applications 549</p>
<p>23.5. Transducers 551</p>
<p>23.6. Conclusion 556</p>
<p>23.7. Bibliography 556</p>
<p>Chapter 24. Polymeric Insulators in the Electrical Engineering Industry: Examples of Applications, Constraints and Perspectives 559<br /> Jean–Luc BESSEDE</p>
<p>24.1. Introduction 559</p>
<p>24.2. Equipment 560</p>
<p>24.3. Power transformer insulation 565</p>
<p>24.4. Perspectives 567</p>
<p>24.5. Conclusion 570</p>
<p>24.6. Bibliography 570</p>
<p>List of Authors 573</p>
<p>Index 577</p>