Iron Ore

<ul> <li>List of Contributors</li> <li>Preface</li> <li>1: Introduction: overview of the global iron ore industry <ul> <li>Abstract</li> <li>1.1 Introduction</li> <li>1.2 Iron ore mining operations by country</li> <li>1.3 Technology status and challenges</li> <li>1.4 Iron ore outlook</li></ul></li> <li>Part One: Characterization and analysis of iron ore <ul> <li>2: Mineralogical, chemical, and physical characteristics of iron ore <ul> <li>Abstract</li> <li>2.1 Introduction</li> <li>2.2 Mineralogy</li> <li>2.3 Chemical composition</li> <li>2.4 Physical properties</li> <li>2.5 Future trends</li></ul></li> <li>3: XRD analysis and evaluation of iron ores and sinters <ul> <li>Abstract</li> <li>3.1 Introduction</li> <li>3.2 Principles of powder X-ray diffraction</li> <li>3.3 Rietveld analysis</li> <li>3.4 Sources of error in XRD analysis</li> <li>3.5 Applications of cluster analysis</li> <li>3.6 Applicability of XRD analysis</li> <li>3.7 Use of mass balancing in iron ore analysis</li> <li>3.8 The principal minerals and phases</li> <li>3.9 XRD for the characterization of Iron ores</li> <li>3.10 XRD in sintering and pelletizing</li> <li>3.11 Summary and conclusions</li></ul></li> <li>4: Automated optical image analysis of natural and sintered iron ore <ul> <li>Abstract</li> <li>4.1 Introduction: Overview of optical image analysis technique</li> <li>4.2 Mineralogical characteristics of iron ore and sinter</li> <li>4.3 Automated optical image analysis (OIA)</li> <li>4.4 Application of automated OIA to natural and sintered iron ore</li></ul></li> <li>5: Quantitative analysis of iron ore using SEM-based technologies <ul> <li>Abstract</li> <li>5.1 Introduction</li> <li>5.2 Principles of SEM-based technologies</li> <li>5.3 Application of automated SEM-based technologies to ore characterization</li> <li>5.4 Characterization of natural and sintered iron ore using QEMSCAN</li> <li>5.5 Summary</li> <li>5.6 Future trends</li></ul></li> <li>6: Characterization of iron ore by visible and infrared reflectance and, Raman spectroscopies <ul> <li>Abstract</li> <li>6.1 Introduction</li> <li>6.2 Principles of reflectance and Raman spectroscopies</li> <li>6.3 Technologies</li> <li>6.4 Reflectance and Raman spectroscopies of iron ore minerals</li> <li>6.5 Future trends</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Part Two: Extraction, comminution, separation, and beneficiation of iron ore <ul> <li>7: Iron ore extraction techniques <ul> <li>Abstract</li> <li>7.1 Introduction</li> <li>7.2 Iron ore mining—an historical UK context</li> <li>7.3 Underground iron ore mining: Kiruna, Sweden</li> <li>7.4 Modern-day surface mining: the Pilbara deposit</li> <li>7.5 Modern day surface mining: iron ore in Minas Gerais Province, Brazil</li> <li>7.6 Conclusions</li></ul></li> <li>8: Developments in iron ore comminution and classification technologies <ul> <li>Abstract</li> <li>8.1 Introduction</li> <li>8.2 Iron ore crushing and screening</li> <li>8.3 Iron ore grinding and classification</li> <li>8.4 Future trends in iron ore comminution and classification</li></ul></li> <li>9: Developments in the physical separation of iron ore: magnetic separation <ul> <li>Abstract</li> <li>9.1 Introduction</li> <li>9.2 Principle of magnetic separation</li> <li>9.3 Magnetic separators</li> <li>9.4 Typical flow sheets for iron ore separation</li> <li>9.5 Challenges and recent advances in magnetic separation</li> <li>9.6 Summary</li></ul></li> <li>10: Developments in nonmagnetic physical separation technologies for hematitic/goethitic iron ore <ul> <li>Abstract</li> <li>10.1 Physical processing for enhanced chemical and/or physical properties</li> <li>10.2 Dense medium separation</li> <li>10.3 Jigging</li> <li>10.4 Upflow classification</li> <li>10.5 Spiraling for iron ore beneficiation</li></ul></li> <li>11: Developments in the physiochemical separation of iron ore <ul> <li>Abstract</li> <li>11.1 Introduction</li> <li>11.2 Mineral properties</li> <li>11.3 Iron ore flotation</li> <li>11.4 Key challenges and future directions</li></ul></li> <li>12: Developments in chemical separation of iron ore <ul> <li>Abstract</li> <li>12.1 Introduction</li> <li>12.2 Phosphorus removal</li> <li>12.3 Removal of silicon, aluminum, and sulfur minerals</li> <li>12.4 Summary and future trends</li></ul></li> <li>13: Application of biotechnology in iron ore beneficiation <ul> <li>Abstract</li> <li>Acknowledgments</li> <li>13.1 Introduction</li> <li>13.2 Microbial adhesion to mineral surfaces</li> <li>13.3 Bioleaching for phosphorus removal from iron ores</li> <li>13.4 Biobeneficiation of sulfide ores</li> <li>13.5 Biobeneficiation of iron ore</li> <li>13.6 Future trends</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Part Three: Iron ore agglomeration processes and blast furnace iron-making technology <ul> <li>14: Iron ore sintering <ul> <li>Abstract</li> <li>Acknowledgments</li> <li>14.1 Introduction</li> <li>14.2 Effect of iron ore characteristics on sintering</li> <li>14.3 Evaluation of iron ore for the sintering process</li> <li>14.4 Recent developments in iron ore sintering</li> <li>14.5 Conclusions</li></ul></li> <li>15: Iron ore pelletization <ul> <li>Abstract</li> <li>15.1 Introduction</li> <li>15.2 Specification requirements of pellet feed</li> <li>15.3 Green ball formation and properties</li> <li>15.4 Induration of green pellets</li> <li>15.5 Quality requirements for fired pellets</li> <li>15.6 Conclusions</li></ul></li> <li>16: Quality requirements of iron ore for iron production <ul> <li>Abstract</li> <li>Acknowledgments</li> <li>16.1 Introduction to ironmaking technologies</li> <li>16.2 Quality requirements of iron ore for the BF ironmaking process</li> <li>16.3 Quality requirements of iron ore for alternative ironmaking processes</li> <li>16.4 Summary</li></ul></li> <li>17: Recent developments in blast furnace iron-making technology <ul> <li>Abstract</li> <li>17.1 Introduction</li> <li>17.2 Blast furnace design and facilities</li> <li>17.3 Blast furnace process</li> <li>17.4 Key innovations and future trends</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Part Four: Environmental issues and low emission technologies <ul> <li>18: Sintering emissions and their mitigation technologies <ul> <li>Abstract</li> <li>18.1 Introduction</li> <li>18.2 CO<SUB>2</SUB> emissions and their mitigation</li> <li>18.3 SO<SUB>x</SUB> emissions and their mitigation</li> <li>18.4 NO<SUB>x</SUB> emissions and their mitigation technologies</li> <li>18.5 Dioxin emissions and their mitigation</li> <li>18.6 Dust emissions and their reduction</li> <li>18.7 Utilization of biomass materials in iron ore sintering</li> <li>18.8 Conclusions</li></ul></li> <li>19: Utilization of biomass as an alternative fuel in ironmaking <ul> <li>Abstract</li> <li>19.1 Introduction</li> <li>19.2 Potential applications of biomass-derived materials and impact on net GHG emissions</li> <li>19.3 Physical and chemical properties of biomass-derived chars to optimize ironmaking operations</li> <li>19.4 Economic sources of biomass fuel</li> <li>19.5 Pyrolysis of biomass for ironmaking applications</li> <li>19.6 Applications in ironmaking</li> <li>19.7 Future trends</li> <li>19.8 Sources of further information and advice</li></ul></li> <li>20: Life cycle assessment of iron ore mining and processing <ul> <li>Abstract</li> <li>20.1 Introduction</li> <li>20.2 Iron ore mining and processing</li> <li>20.3 Application of LCA to iron ore mining and processing</li> <li>20.4 Using LCA to reduce energy and GHG impacts</li> <li>20.5 Conclusions</li> <li>20.6 Sources of further information and advice</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Index</li></ul>