Corrosion and Conservation of Cultural Heritage Metallic Artefacts

<p>Contributor contact details</p> <p>Series introduction</p> <p>Volumes in the EFC series</p> <p>Chapter 1: Introduction: conservation versus laboratory investigation in the preservation of metallic heritage artefacts</p> <p>Part I: Conservation issues: past, present, future</p> <p>Chapter 2: Conservation, corrosion science and evidence-based preservation strategies for metallic heritage artefacts</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>2.1 Introduction</p> <p>2.2 The structure of conservation research and practice</p> <p>2.3 Conservation in practice</p> <p>2.4 Corrosion control for conservation practice</p> <p>2.5 Conservation and corrosion science in partnership</p> <p>2.6 Preservation of heritage metals</p> <p>2.7 Conclusion</p> <p>Chapter 3: Atmospheric corrosion of heritage metallic artefacts: processes and prevention</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>3.1 Introduction</p> <p>3.2 Historical perspectives on corrosion</p> <p>3.3 Air pollution effects in the twentieth century</p> <p>3.4 Current effects of air pollution on corrosion</p> <p>3.5 Indoor environments and recent developments in standardisation</p> <p>3.6 Future trends</p> <p>3.7 Conclusion</p> <p>Part II: Analytical techniques for the study of cultural heritage corrosion</p> <p>Chapter 4: Analytical techniques for the study of corrosion of metallic heritage artefacts: from micrometer to nanometer scales</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>4.1 Introduction</p> <p>4.2 Methodology</p> <p>4.3 Morphology observation</p> <p>4.4 Composition analyses</p> <p>4.5 Structural characterisation</p> <p>4.6 Nanoscale investigations</p> <p>4.7 Conclusion</p> <p>Chapter 5: The use of metallographic and metallurgical investigation methods in the preservation of metallic heritage artefacts</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>5.1 Introduction</p> <p>5.2 Methods for sampling artefacts</p> <p>5.3 Metallographic examination of microstructure features</p> <p>5.4 Successful uses of metallography and metallurgy to aid preservation</p> <p>5.5 Conclusion</p> <p>Chapter 6: Analysis of corroded metallic heritage artefacts using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>6.1 Introduction</p> <p>6.2 Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) fundamentals</p> <p>6.3 Applications of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) on the analysis of corroded archaeological artefacts: corroded metal threads</p> <p>6.4 Depth profiling of copper-based decorative artefact</p> <p>6.5 Analysis of corroded Punic coins</p> <p>6.6 Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of Roman silver denarii</p> <p>6.7 Conclusion</p> <p>Chapter 7: Electrochemical measurements in the conservation of metallic heritage artefacts: an overview</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>7.1 Introduction</p> <p>7.2 Equipment for electrochemical techniques</p> <p>7.3 Potential measurements</p> <p>7.4 DC techniques</p> <p>7.5 AC techniques</p> <p>7.6 Conclusion</p> <p>Chapter 8: Electrochemical analysis of metallic heritage artefacts: time-lapse spectroelectrochemical techniques</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>8.1 Introduction</p> <p>8.2 The electrochemical cell (eCell)</p> <p>8.3 Monitoring the stabilization process of cupreous artefacts</p> <p>8.4 Monitoring the formation of a protective lead coating</p> <p>8.5 Conclusion</p> <p>8.6 Acknowledgements</p> <p>Chapter 9: Electrochemical analysis of metallic heritage artefacts: voltammetry of microparticles (VMP)</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>9.1 Introduction</p> <p>9.2 Electrode configuration</p> <p>9.3 Electrochemical processes</p> <p>9.4 Voltammetry of microparticles (VMP) and metal corrosion</p> <p>9.5 Studies on corrosion processes</p> <p>9.6 Applications for archaeometry, conservation and restoration</p> <p>9.7 Conclusion</p> <p>Part III: Specific alteration processes</p> <p>Chapter 10: Artistic patinas on ancient bronze statues</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>10.1 Introduction</p> <p>10.2 Studying and characterizing patinas</p> <p>10.3 Case studies: the Giambologna statues of the University of Genoa, and the Angel of Calcagno family grave from the Monumental Cemetery of Staglieno (Genoa, Italy)</p> <p>10.4 Conclusion</p> <p>10.5 Acknowledgements</p> <p>Chapter 11: Ancient silver artefacts: corrosion processes and preservation strategies</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>11.1 Introduction</p> <p>11.2 History of ancient silver</p> <p>11.3 Corrosion of Silver</p> <p>11.4 Morphology of atmospheric corrosion layers on silver</p> <p>11.5 Silver embrittlement</p> <p>11.6 Cleaning, anti-tarnishing and protection</p> <p>11.7 Conclusion</p> <p>Chapter 12: Underwater corrosion of metallic heritage artefacts</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>12.1 Introduction</p> <p>12.2 Degradation processes and conservation strategies</p> <p>12.3 In-situ preservation of artefacts</p> <p>12.4 Conclusion</p> <p>Chapter 13: Long-term anoxic corrosion of iron</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>13.1 Introduction</p> <p>13.2 General methodology</p> <p>13.3 Characterisation of the corrosion system: from the environment to the archaeological remains</p> <p>13.4 Thermodynamic modelling</p> <p>13.5 Corrosion behaviour: understanding the mechanisms</p> <p>13.6 Estimation of the corrosion rate</p> <p>13.7 Conclusion</p> <p>Chapter 14: Reactivity studies of atmospheric corrosion of heritage iron artefacts</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>14.1 Introduction</p> <p>14.2 Previous studies of corrosion diagnosis</p> <p>14.3 Studying atmospheric corrosion mechanisms</p> <p>14.4 Studying electrochemical reactivity</p> <p>14.5 Stability indexes based on rust layer composition and electrochemical reactivity</p> <p>14.6 Electrochemical study of ancient artefacts</p> <p>14.7 Degradation diagnosis</p> <p>14.8 Conclusion</p> <p>Chapter 15: Atmospheric corrosion of historical industrial structures</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>15.1 Introduction</p> <p>15.2 Industrial cultural heritage objects</p> <p>15.3 Specific atmospheric conditions</p> <p>15.4 Industrial culture heritage material specification</p> <p>15.5 Atmospheric corrosion of industrial structures of cultural heritage</p> <p>15.6 Degradation of surface treatment of industrial cultural heritage</p> <p>15.7 Conclusion</p> <p>Part IV: On-site monitoring</p> <p>Chapter 16: Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for the in-situ analysis of metallic heritage artefacts</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>16.1 Introduction</p> <p>16.2 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) fundamentals</p> <p>16.3 In-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements</p> <p>16.4 In-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measuring campaigns</p> <p>16.5 Conclusion</p> <p>Chapter 17: Oxygen monitoring in the corrosion and preservation of metallic heritage artefacts</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>17.1 Introduction</p> <p>17.2 Equipment for oxygen monitoring</p> <p>17.3 Measurement of oxygen consumption</p> <p>17.4 Measurement of oxygen in the burial environment</p> <p>17.5 Conclusion</p> <p>17.6 Acknowledgements</p> <p>Chapter 18: Issues in environmental monitoring of metallic heritage artefacts</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>18.1 Introduction</p> <p>18.2 Metrological design of a monitoring system</p> <p>18.3 Analogue and digital architectures for monitoring systems</p> <p>18.4 Designing a monitoring system based on smart sensors</p> <p>18.5 A case study of monitoring system deployment</p> <p>18.6 Conclusion</p> <p>18.7 Acknowledgements</p> <p>Part V: Protection mediums, methods and strategies</p> <p>Chapter 19: Alkaline desalination techniques for archaeological iron</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>19.1 Introduction</p> <p>19.2 Archaeological iron: chloride-induced corrosion</p> <p>19.3 Conservation of archaeological iron</p> <p>19.4 Desalination</p> <p>19.5 The influence of chloride-bearing species on corrosion of iron</p> <p>19.6 Deoxygenated alkaline desalination techniques: assessing action and effectiveness</p> <p>19.7 Post-treatment corrosion risk</p> <p>19.8 Deoxygenated alkali washing in conservation practice</p> <p>19.9 Conclusion</p> <p>Chapter 20: The use of subcritical fluids for the stabilisation of archaeological iron: an overview</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>20.1 Introduction</p> <p>20.2 Determining treatment parameters</p> <p>20.3 Equipment, process and operation</p> <p>20.4 Conservation objectives, treatment rationale and risk management</p> <p>20.5 Case studies</p> <p>20.6 Conclusion</p> <p>20.7 Acknowledgements</p> <p>Chapter 21: Monitoring, modelling and prediction of corrosion rates of historical iron shipwrecks</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>21.1 Introduction</p> <p>21.2 Coralline concretions, corrosion potentials and dissolved oxygen</p> <p>21.3 Monitoring</p> <p>21.4 Modelling</p> <p>21.5 Prediction</p> <p>21.6 Conclusion</p> <p>21.7 Acknowledgements</p> <p>Chapter 22: The role of standards in conservation methods for metals in cultural heritage</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>22.1 Introduction</p> <p>22.2 Standards commonly used in conservation testing of metals: a survey in metal conservation publications</p> <p>22.3 The need to develop or adopt existing standards for coatings testing for cultural heritage metals: the case study of testing Poligen® ES 91009</p> <p>22.4 Conclusion and future trends</p> <p>Chapter 23: Coatings including carboxylates for the preservation of metallic heritage artefacts</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>23.1 Introduction</p> <p>23.2 Ultrathin organic films for corrosion protection of metals</p> <p>23.3 Self-assembled monolayers of carboxylic acids</p> <p>23.4 Conclusion</p> <p>23.5 Acknowledgements</p> <p>Chapter 24: Sol-gel coatings for the preservation of metallic heritage artefacts</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>24.1 Introduction</p> <p>24.2 The sol-gel coating process</p> <p>24.3 Techniques for sol-gel coating – electrodeposition</p> <p>24.4 Case studies on new conservation treatments</p> <p>24.5 Conclusion</p> <p>Chapter 25: Plasma treatments for the cleaning and protection of metallic heritage artefacts</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>25.1 Introduction: requirements of conservators/restorers</p> <p>25.2 Plasma treatments for cleaning and protection of artefacts</p> <p>25.3 Low pressure plasma</p> <p>25.4 Plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) in plasmas containing organosilicon compounds</p> <p>25.5 Case studies of use of plasma treatments in cleaning and protection of silver-based artefacts</p> <p>25.6 Conclusion</p> <p>Chapter 26: Corrosion inhibitors for the preservation of metallic heritage artefacts</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>26.1 Introduction</p> <p>26.2 Types and mechanisms of corrosion inhibitors</p> <p>26.3 Evaluation of inhibitors</p> <p>26.4 Corrosion inhibitors used in conservation treatments</p> <p>26.5 Conclusion</p> <p>Index</p>