Managing and Preventing Obesity

<ul> <li>List of contributors</li> <li>Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition</li> <li>Preface</li> <li>Introduction: an overview of the key drivers of obesity and their influence on diet<ul> <li>1 Introduction</li> <li>2 Behavioural factors</li> <li>3 Environmental and structural factors</li> <li>4 Biological factors</li> <li>5 Summary and conclusions</li> </ul></li> <li>Part One: General issues<ul> <li>1: Trends in understanding patterns of obesity and health outcomes<ul> <li>1.1 Introduction</li> <li>1.2 The importance of abdominal obesity</li> <li>1.3 Global trends in obesity</li> <li>1.4 Economic development and obesity</li> <li>1.5 Social class differences in obesity</li> <li>1.6 Obesity in women and its implications for maternal and infant health</li> <li>1.7 Childhood obesity</li> <li>1.8 Conclusions</li> </ul></li> <li>2: Overview of the key current population-level strategies used to prevent obesity<ul> <li>2.1 Introduction</li> <li>2.2 Physical activity strategies</li> <li>2.3 Food and beverage strategies</li> <li>2.4 School strategies</li> <li>2.5 Healthcare and workplace strategies</li> <li>2.6 Messaging strategies</li> <li>2.7 Conclusion: integrating approaches</li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li>Part Two: The role of different dietary components in obesity management<ul> <li>3: The role of high sugar foods and sugar-sweetened beverages in weight gain and obesity<ul> <li>3.1 Introduction</li> <li>3.2 Sugar in our food supply</li> <li>3.3 Biological mechanisms for some effects of sugar in beverages</li> <li>3.4 Randomized clinical trials and longitudinal cohort studies link intake of sugar-sweetened beverages to the risk of obesity</li> <li>3.5 Fruit juice and weight gain</li> <li>3.6 Future trends</li> </ul></li> <li>4: The impact of fruit and vegetable intake on weight management<ul> <li>4.1 Introduction</li> <li>4.2 Importance of fruits and vegetables (FV)</li> <li>4.3 FV and obesity prevention</li> <li>4.4 Future trends</li> </ul></li> <li>5: High protein diets in obesity management and weight control<ul> <li>5.1 Introduction</li> <li>5.2 Internationally popular higher-protein diets</li> <li>5.3 The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Total Wellbeing Diet</li> <li>5.4 Evidence from meta-analyses and selected randomised control trials for the efficacy of higher-protein diets for weight control and metabolic health</li> <li>5.5 Potential risks of high protein dietary patterns</li> <li>5.6 Strategies to improve compliance to higher protein diets</li> <li>5.7 Conclusions</li> </ul></li> <li>6: Low-fat diets in obesity management and weight control<ul> <li>6.1 Introduction: overview of dietary fat and body weight</li> <li>6.2 Total fat: mechanisms for association with body weight regulation</li> <li>6.3 Type of fat: biological mechanisms for effects on energy balance</li> <li>6.4 Sustainability of weight loss on low-fat diets</li> <li>6.5 Conclusions</li> <li>6.6 Future trends</li> </ul></li> <li>7: The ‘Mediterranean diet’ and weight management<ul> <li>7.1 Introduction: the Mediterranean diet and other dietary patterns in the context of obesity</li> <li>7.2 Definition of a Mediterranean dietary pattern</li> <li>7.3 Epidemiological evidence on Mediterranean diet and weight management</li> <li>7.4 Dietary and lifestyle intervention based on Mediterranean diet</li> <li>7.5 Conclusions and future trends</li> </ul></li> <li>8: Breastfeeding and weight in mothers and infants<ul> <li>8.1 Introduction</li> <li>8.2 Energetic cost of breastfeeding</li> <li>8.3 Postpartum weight change</li> <li>8.4 Breastfeeding benefits for infants</li> <li>8.5 Commentary on studies into the effect of breastfeeding on the weight of mothers and infants</li> <li>8.6 Future trends</li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li>Part Three: The role of eating patterns and other behavioural factors in obesity management<ul> <li>9: The role of dietary energy density in weight management<ul> <li>9.1 Introduction</li> <li>9.2 Energy density explained</li> <li>9.3 Controlled studies demonstrate the influence of dietary energy density on satiety, satiation, and energy intake</li> <li>9.4 Dietary energy density and weight management</li> <li>9.5 Strategies to reduce dietary energy density</li> <li>9.6 Future trends</li> <li>9.8 Acknowledgements</li> </ul></li> <li>10: Controlling appetite and food intake by regulating eating frequency and timing<ul> <li>10.1 Introduction</li> <li>10.2 The relationship between motivation to eat and eating behaviour</li> <li>10.3 Eating frequency and energy balance – observational studies of free-living adults consuming self-selected diets</li> <li>10.4 Eating frequency and energy balance – intervention studies</li> <li>10.5 Eating frequency and energy balance – controlled feeding studies</li> <li>10.6 Small inter-meal ingestive events</li> <li>10.7 Timing of eating within a habitual diurnal rhythm</li> <li>10.8 Timing of eating and disruption of diurnal rhythms</li> <li>10.9 Summary and future trends</li> </ul></li> <li>11: Managing food portion size and its effect on weight control<ul> <li>11.1 Introduction: trends in food portion sizes</li> <li>11.2 Effects of food portion size on energy intake</li> <li>11.3 Explanations for the effects of portion size on energy intake</li> <li>11.4 Environmental strategies influencing portion control behaviors</li> <li>11.5 Self-regulation strategies to control portion sizes</li> <li>11.6 Summary and conclusions</li> <li>11.7 Acknowledgement</li> </ul></li> <li>12: Eating in response to external cues<ul> <li>12.1 Introduction</li> <li>12.2 Effects of food cues</li> <li>12.3 Potential moderators influencing responding to food cues</li> <li>12.4 How plentiful food cues affect dieters/overweight individuals</li> <li>12.5 Factors influencing overweight/obese people and restrained eaters to respond more to salient food cues</li> <li>12.6 Psychological processes governing eating behavior</li> <li>12.7 Implications for obesity management</li> </ul></li> <li>13: The interaction of diet and physical activity in managing obesity<ul> <li>13.1 Introduction</li> <li>13.2 The independent and combined roles of physical activity and diet in prevention of weight gain</li> <li>13.3 Physical activity and diet during weight reduction programmes</li> <li>13.4 The roles of physical activity and diet in maintenance of reduced body weight</li> <li>13.5 Conclusions</li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li>Part Four: Structured dietary interventions in the treatment of obesity<ul> <li>14: Defined energy deficit diets for the treatment of obesity<ul> <li>14.1 Introduction</li> <li>14.2 History of defined energy prescriptions</li> <li>14.3 Terminology and definitions</li> <li>14.4 Estimating total energy requirements</li> <li>14.5 Magnitude of energy deficit</li> <li>14.6 Practical worked example of prescribed energy calculations</li> <li>14.7 Conclusion</li> </ul></li> <li>15: Meal replacements for the treatment of obesity<ul> <li>15.1 Introduction</li> <li>15.2 Very low calorie diet (VLCD) versus partial meal replacement or controlled diet</li> <li>15.3 Meal replacement as part of a low calorie diet (LCD) versus conventional diet</li> <li>15.4 Type 2 diabetes</li> <li>15.5 Composition of meal replacements</li> <li>15.6 Summary</li> </ul></li> <li>16: Very-low-calorie diets (VLCDs) for the treatment of obesity<ul> <li>16.1 Introduction</li> <li>16.2 Indications and contraindications for the use of very-low-calorie diets (VLCDs)</li> <li>16.3 How to use VLCDs</li> <li>16.4 Efficacy of VLCDs</li> <li>16.5 Safety of VLCDs</li> <li>16.6 Monitoring required during the diet</li> <li>16.7 Future trends</li> </ul></li> <li>17: Commercial weight loss programs and their effectiveness in managing obesity<ul> <li>17.1 Introduction</li> <li>17.2 Commonly available commercial weight loss programs</li> <li>17.3 Efficacy of commercial weight loss programs: a summary of available evidence</li> <li>17.4 Internet-based weight loss programs</li> <li>17.5 The cost-effectiveness of commercial weight loss programs</li> <li>17.6 Applications in the treatment of overweight and obesity</li> <li>17.7 Conclusions</li> </ul></li> <li>18: Popular diets and over-the-counter dietary aids and their effectiveness in managing obesity<ul> <li>18.1 Introduction: why diets are best sellers</li> <li>18.2 Claims that ‘the science is wrong’</li> <li>18.3 All or nothing approaches</li> <li>18.4 Claims to more moderate diets</li> <li>18.5 Unconventional diets</li> <li>18.6 Evaluation of promised time-scales</li> <li>18.7 Evaluation of claims to simplicity</li> <li>18.8 Over-the-counter weight loss aids</li> <li>18.9 Discussion</li> <li>18.10 Sourcing unbiased information</li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li>Part Five: Government and industry interventions in the prevention of obesity<ul> <li>19: Regulatory strategies for preventing obesity and improving public health<ul> <li>19.1 Introduction</li> <li>19.2 Restricting child-targeted food marketing</li> <li>19.3 Improving the school environment</li> <li>19.4 Food and beverage taxes</li> <li>19.5 Nutrition labeling</li> <li>19.6 Limiting portion sizes of sugar-sweetened beverages</li> <li>19.7 Conclusion</li> </ul></li> <li>20: Fiscal strategies to influence diet and weight management<ul> <li>20.1 Introduction</li> <li>20.2 Evidence to support fiscal strategies as an intervention</li> <li>20.3 Evidence for differential effects of fiscal strategies</li> <li>20.4 Evidence for cost-effectiveness of fiscal interventions</li> <li>20.5 Evidence for interplay with other interventions</li> <li>20.6 Existing strategies and policies in place</li> <li>20.7 Politics and practicalities of taxing unhealthy food</li> <li>20.8 Conclusion</li> </ul></li> <li>21: Consumer responses to government dietary guidelines in the management and prevention of obesity<ul> <li>21.1 Introduction</li> <li>21.2 History of dietary guidelines</li> <li>21.3 Effectiveness of dietary guidelines in preventing obesity</li> <li>21.4 Effectiveness of dietary guidelines in promoting healthier food choices</li> <li>21.5 Effectiveness of dietary guidelines in promoting dietary behaviour change</li> <li>21.6 Conclusion</li> </ul></li> <li>22: The impact of marketing of ‘junk’ foods on children’s diet and weight<ul> <li>22.1 Introduction</li> <li>22.2 Extent of children’s exposure to food and beverage marketing</li> <li>22.3 International policy to reduce the impact of unhealthy food and beverage marketing to children</li> <li>22.4 Food marketing effects on food consumption and nutrition and weight outcomes</li> <li>22.5 Future trends</li> </ul></li> <li>23: Front-of-pack and point-of-purchase labelling schemes designed for obesity prevention<ul> <li>23.1 Introduction</li> <li>23.2 Definitions and scope</li> <li>23.3 Current status of front-of-pack and point-of-purchase labelling schemes</li> <li>23.4 Impact of front-of-pack and point-of-purchase labelling schemes and interventions involving such schemes</li> <li>23.5 Future trends in front-of-pack and point-of-purchase labelling schemes</li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li>Index</li> </ul>