<ol><p>Preface</p><p> </p><p>Contributors</p><p> </p><p>Part I. The Normal Upper Airway</p><p> </p><p>1. Upper Airway Structure During Development</p><p> Seung Hoon Lee</p><p> </p><p>2. Functional Aspects and Upper Airway Control During Wakefulness and Sleep</p><p> Neriel Katz, Tamar Etzioni and Giora Pillar</p><p> </p><p>3. Lymphadenoid Tissues in the Upper Airway </p><p> Jinkwan Kim and David Gozal</p><p> </p><p>4. The Nasal Airway</p><p> Fuad M. Baroody</p><p> </p><p> Part II. Sleep During Development</p><p> </p><p>5. Neural Mechanisms of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms </p><p>Edgar Garcia-Rill <br><br></p><p>6. EEG and Sleep During Development</p><p> Raffaele Ferri, Luana Novelli, and Oliviero Bruni</p><p> </p><p>7. Autonomic Cardiovascular Regulation during Sleep</p><p>Anna Kourbasis, Lisa M. Walter, Stephanie R. Yiallourou, and Rosemary S. C. Horne </p><p> </p><p>8. Arousal: Ontology, Functional Anatomy, Methodology, and Consequences</p><p>Eliot S. Katz</p><p> </p><p>9. Metabolic and Hormonal Regulation during Sleep</p><p>Riva Tauman</p><p> </p><p>10. Chemoreceptors, Breathing, and Sleep</p><p>John L. Carroll, Supriya K. Jambhekar, and David F. Donnelly</p><p> </p><p>11. Pathophysiology of Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Putting it All Together</p><p>Eliot S. Katz</p><p> </p><p> </p><p>Part III. Diagnostic Assessment of Sleep and Breathing in Children </p><p> </p><p>12. Clinical Evaluation of the Pediatric Patient</p><p>Hari P. R. Bandla</p><p> </p><p>13. Actigraphy<p>Hawley E. Montgomery-Downs and Lisa J. Meltzer</p><p> </p><p>14. Abbreviated/Portable Recordings</p><p>Luigi Ferini-Strambi</p><p> </p><p>15. Overnight Sleep Study and MSLT</p><p>Jyoti Krishna</p><p> </p><p>16. Upper Airway Imaging in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome</p><p>Raanan Arens and Sanghun Sin</p><p> </p><p>17. The “Omics” Future: Genomics, Transcriptomics, and Proteomics</p><p>Sina A. Gharib</p><p> </p><p>18. Pediatric Sleep Disordered Breathing: Criteria and Spectrum of Disease</p><p>Karen Spruyt </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>Part IV. SDB in Children</p><p> </p><p>19. Apnea of Prematurity</p><p>Christian F. Poets</p><p> </p><p>20. Epidemiologic Aspects of Pediatric OSA around the World</p><p>Athanasios Kaditis</p><p> </p><p>21. Obesity and Sleep</p><p>Edward O. Bixler, Alexandros N. Vgontzas, Marina Tsaoussoglou, and Susan L. Calhoun </p><p> </p><p>22. Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children with Down Syndrome</p><p>Dennis Rosen</p><p> </p><p>23. Children with Neuromuscular Disorders</p><p>Aviv D. Goldbart </p><p> </p><p>24. Sleep Problems in Children with Sickle Cell Disease</p><p>Umakanth Khatwa, Alia Bazzy-Asaad, and Sanjeev V. Kothare</p><p> </p><p>25. Children with Craniofacial Syndromes</p><p>Wendy Estrellado-Cruz and Robert C. Beckerman</p><p> </p><p>26. Epilepsy, Headache, and Sleep Disordered Breathing</p><p>Martina Vendrame and Sanjeev V. Kothare</p><p><p>27. Sleep and Breathing in Cystic Fibrosis </p><p> Amanda J. Piper</p><p><p>28. Asthma and Obstructive Sleep Apnea</p><p>Leila Kheirandish-Gozal</p><p> </p><p>29. Central Hypoventilation Syndromes</p><p>Iris A. Perez, Thomas G. Keens, and Sally L. Davidson Ward</p><p>30. Healthcare Utilization and Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea</p><p>Ariel Tarasiuk and Haim Reuveni</p><p> </p><p>31. Gastroesophageal Reflux and Sleep Disordered Breathing</p><p>Hari P. R. Bandla and Aparna R. Rao</p><p> </p><p> </p><p>Part V. Consequences of SDB in Children</p><p> </p><p>32. Behavioral Morbidity in Pediatric Sleep Disordered Breathing</p><p>Elise K. Hodges, Barbara True Felt, Bruno J. Giordani, and Ronald D. Chervin</p><p> </p><p>33. Neurocognitive Function and Learning in Children with Sleep Disordered Breathing</p><p> Karen Spruyt </p><p> </p><p>34. Brain Regulatory Mechanisms Underlying Breathing: Insights for Sleep Pathology</p><p>Ronald M. Harper, Rajesh Kumar, Paul M. Macey, Jennifer A. Ogren, and Mary A. Woo</p><p> </p><p>35. Cardiovascular Implications</p><p> Rakesh Bhattacharjee and Leila Kheirandish-Gozal</p><p> </p><p>36. Metabolic Consequences of Sleep Disorders</p><p> David Gozal</p><p> </p><p>37. Enuresis and Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children</p><p> Oscar Sans Capdevila and Maria Eugenia Russi Delfraro<p> </p><p> </p><p>Part VI. Treatment of SDB</p><p> </p><p>38. Adenotonsillectomy</p><p> Rakesh Bhattacharjee</p><p> </p><p>39. Corticosteroids and Leukotriene Modifiers in Pediatric SDB</p><p>Aviv D. Goldbart and Leila Kheirandish-Gozal </p><p>40. CPAP Treatment in Children</p><p> Dafna Ofer and Carole L. Marcus</p><p> </p><p>41. Mandibular Advancement Devices</p><p>Maria Pia Villa and Silvia Miano <p>42. Diaphragmatic Pacing in Infants and Children with Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS)<p> Anthony C. Chin, Donald B. Shaul, Pallavi P. Patwari, Thomas G. Keens, Anna S. Kenny, and Debra E. Weese-Mayer</p><p></p></p><p>42. Diaphragmatic Pacing in Infants and Children with Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS)<p> Anthony C. Chin, Donald B. Shaul, Pallavi P. Patwari, Thomas G. Keens, Anna S. Kenny, and Debra E. Weese-Mayer</p><p></p><p> Anthony C. Chin, Donald B. Shaul, Pallavi P. Patwari, Thomas G. Keens, Anna S. Kenny, and Debra E. Weese-Mayer</p><p></p><p> </p><p> </p><p>Part VI. Treatment of SDB</p><p> </p><p>38. Adenotonsillectomy</p><p> Rakesh Bhattacharjee</p><p> </p><p>39. Corticosteroids and Leukotriene Modifiers in Pediatric SDB</p><p>Aviv D. Goldbart and Leila Kheirandish-Gozal </p><p>40. CPAP Treatment in Children</p><p> Dafna Ofer and Carole L. Marcus</p><p> </p><p>41. Mandibular Advancement Devices</p><p>Maria Pia Villa and Silvia Miano <p>42. Diaphragmatic Pacing in Infants and Children with Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS)<p> Anthony C. Chin, Donald B. Shaul, Pallavi P. Patwari, Thomas G. Keens, Anna S. Kenny, and Debra E. Weese-Mayer</p><p></p></p></p><p> </p><p> </p><p>Part VI. Treatment of SDB</p><p> </p><p>38. Adenotonsillectomy</p><p> Rakesh Bhattacharjee</p><p> </p><p>39. Corticosteroids and Leukotriene Modifiers in Pediatric SDB</p><p>Aviv D. Goldbart and Leila Kheirandish-Gozal </p><p>40. CPAP Treatment in Children</p><p> Dafna Ofer and Carole L. Marcus</p><p> </p><p>41. Mandibular Advancement Devices</p><p>Maria Pia Villa and Silvia Miano <p>42. Diaphragmatic Pacing in Infants and Children with Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS)<p> Anthony C. Chin, Donald B. Shaul, Pallavi P. Patwari, Thomas G. Keens, Anna S. Kenny, and Debra E. Weese-Mayer</p><p></p></p></p><p>Hawley E. Montgomery-Downs and Lisa J. Meltzer</p><p> </p><p>14. Abbreviated/Portable Recordings</p><p>Luigi Ferini-Strambi</p><p> </p><p>15. Overnight Sleep Study and MSLT</p><p>Jyoti Krishna</p><p> </p><p>16. Upper Airway Imaging in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome</p><p>Raanan Arens and Sanghun Sin</p><p> </p><p>17. The “Omics” Future: Genomics, Transcriptomics, and Proteomics</p><p>Sina A. Gharib</p><p> </p><p>18. Pediatric Sleep Disordered Breathing: Criteria and Spectrum of Disease</p><p>Karen Spruyt </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>Part IV. SDB in Children</p><p> </p><p>19. Apnea of Prematurity</p><p>Christian F. Poets</p><p> </p><p>20. Epidemiologic Aspects of Pediatric OSA around the World</p><p>Athanasios Kaditis</p><p> </p><p>21. Obesity and Sleep</p><p>Edward O. Bixler, Alexandros N. Vgontzas, Marina Tsaoussoglou, and Susan L. Calhoun </p><p> </p><p>22. Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children with Down Syndrome</p><p>Dennis Rosen</p><p> </p><p>23. Children with Neuromuscular Disorders</p><p>Aviv D. Goldbart </p><p> </p><p>24. Sleep Problems in Children with Sickle Cell Disease</p><p>Umakanth Khatwa, Alia Bazzy-Asaad, and Sanjeev V. Kothare</p><p> </p><p>25. Children with Craniofacial Syndromes</p><p>Wendy Estrellado-Cruz and Robert C. Beckerman</p><p> </p><p>26. Epilepsy, Headache, and Sleep Disordered Breathing</p><p>Martina Vendrame and Sanjeev V. Kothare</p><p><p>27. Sleep and Breathing in Cystic Fibrosis </p><p> Amanda J. Piper</p><p><p>28. Asthma and Obstructive Sleep Apnea</p><p>Leila Kheirandish-Gozal</p><p> </p><p>29. Central Hypoventilation Syndromes</p><p>Iris A. Perez, Thomas G. Keens, and Sally L. Davidson Ward</p><p>30. Healthcare Utilization and Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea</p><p>Ariel Tarasiuk and Haim Reuveni</p><p> </p><p>31. Gastroesophageal Reflux and Sleep Disordered Breathing</p><p>Hari P. R. Bandla and Aparna R. Rao</p><p> </p><p> </p><p>Part V. Consequences of SDB in Children</p><p> </p><p>32. Behavioral Morbidity in Pediatric Sleep Disordered Breathing</p><p>Elise K. Hodges, Barbara True Felt, Bruno J. Giordani, and Ronald D. Chervin</p><p> </p><p>33. Neurocognitive Function and Learning in Children with Sleep Disordered Breathing</p><p> Karen Spruyt </p><p> </p><p>34. Brain Regulatory Mechanisms Underlying Breathing: Insights for Sleep Pathology</p><p>Ronald M. Harper, Rajesh Kumar, Paul M. Macey, Jennifer A. Ogren, and Mary A. Woo</p><p> </p><p>35. Cardiovascular Implications</p><p> Rakesh Bhattacharjee and Leila Kheirandish-Gozal</p><p> </p><p>36. Metabolic Consequences of Sleep Disorders</p><p> David Gozal</p><p> </p><p>37. Enuresis and Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children</p><p> Oscar Sans Capdevila and Maria Eugenia Russi Delfraro<p> </p><p> </p><p>Part VI. Treatment of SDB</p><p> </p><p>38. Adenotonsillectomy</p><p> Rakesh Bhattacharjee</p><p> </p><p>39. Corticosteroids and Leukotriene Modifiers in Pediatric SDB</p><p>Aviv D. Goldbart and Leila Kheirandish-Gozal </p><p>40. CPAP Treatment in Children</p><p> Dafna Ofer and Carole L. Marcus</p><p> </p><p>41. Mandibular Advancement Devices</p>Maria Pia Villa and Silvia Miano <p>42. Diaphragmatic Pacing in Infants and Children with Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS)<p> Anthony C. Chin, Donald B. Shaul, Pallavi P. Patwari, Thomas G. Keens, Anna S. Kenny, and Debra E. Weese-Mayer</p><p></p></p><p>42. Diaphragmatic Pacing in Infants and Children with Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS)<p> Anthony C. Chin, Donald B. Shaul, Pallavi P. Patwari, Thomas G. Keens, Anna S. Kenny, and Debra E. Weese-Mayer</p><p></p><p> Anthony C. Chin, Donald B. Shaul, Pallavi P. Patwari, Thomas G. Keens, Anna S. Kenny, and Debra E. Weese-Mayer</p><p></p><p> </p><p> </p><p>Part VI. Treatment of SDB</p><p> </p><p>38. Adenotonsillectomy</p><p> Rakesh Bhattacharjee</p><p> </p><p>39. Corticosteroids and Leukotriene Modifiers in Pediatric SDB</p><p>Aviv D. Goldbart and Leila Kheirandish-Gozal </p><p>40. CPAP Treatment in Children</p><p> Dafna Ofer and Carole L. Marcus</p><p> </p><p>41. Mandibular Advancement Devices</p><p>Maria Pia Villa and Silvia Miano <p>42. Diaphragmatic Pacing in Infants and Children with Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS)<p> Anthony C. Chin, Donald B. Shaul, Pallavi P. Patwari, Thomas G. Keens, Anna S. Kenny, and Debra E. Weese-Mayer</p><p></p></p></p><p>28. Asthma and Obstructive Sleep Apnea</p><p>Leila Kheirandish-Gozal</p><p> </p><p>29. Central Hypoventilation Syndromes</p><p>Iris A. Perez, Thomas G. Keens, and Sally L. Davidson Ward</p><p>30. Healthcare Utilization and Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea</p><p>Ariel Tarasiuk and Haim Reuveni</p><p> </p><p>31. Gastroesophageal Reflux and Sleep Disordered Breathing</p><p>Hari P. R. Bandla and Aparna R. Rao</p><p> </p><p> </p><p>Part V. Consequences of SDB in Children</p><p> </p><p>32. Behavioral Morbidity in Pediatric Sleep Disordered Breathing</p><p>Elise K. Hodges, Barbara True Felt, Bruno J. Giordani, and Ronald D. Chervin</p><p> </p><p>33. Neurocognitive Function and Learning in Children with Sleep Disordered Breathing</p><p> Karen Spruyt </p><p> </p><p>34. Brain Regulatory Mechanisms Underlying Breathing: Insights for Sleep Pathology</p><p>Ronald M. Harper, Rajesh Kumar, Paul M. Macey, Jennifer A. Ogren, and Mary A. Woo</p><p> </p><p>35. Cardiovascular Implications</p><p> Rakesh Bhattacharjee and Leila Kheirandish-Gozal</p><p> </p><p>36. Metabolic Consequences of Sleep Disorders</p><p> David Gozal</p><p> </p><p>37. Enuresis and Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children</p><p> Oscar Sans Capdevila and Maria Eugenia Russi Delfraro<p> </p><p> </p><p>Part VI. Treatment of SDB</p><p> </p><p>38. Adenotonsillectomy</p><p> Rakesh Bhattacharjee</p><p> </p><p>39. Corticosteroids and Leukotriene Modifiers in Pediatric SDB</p><p>Aviv D. Goldbart and Leila Kheirandish-Gozal </p><p>40. CPAP Treatment in Children</p><p> Dafna Ofer and Carole L. Marcus</p><p> </p><p>41. Mandibular Advancement Devices</p><p>Maria Pia Villa and Silvia Miano <p>42. Diaphragmatic Pacing in Infants and Children with Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS)<p> Anthony C. Chin, Donald B. Shaul, Pallavi P. Patwari, Thomas G. Keens, Anna S. Kenny, and Debra E. Weese-Mayer</p><p></p></p><p>42. Diaphragmatic Pacing in Infants and Children with Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS)<p> Anthony C. Chin, Donald B. Shaul, Pallavi P. Patwari, Thomas G. Keens, Anna S. Kenny, and Debra E. Weese-Mayer</p></p><p> Anthony C. Chin, Donald B. Shaul, Pallavi P. Patwari, Thomas G. Keens, Anna S. Kenny, and Debra E. Weese-Mayer</p><p></p><p> </p><p> </p><p>Part VI. Treatment of SDB</p><p> </p><p>38. Adenotonsillectomy</p><p> Rakesh Bhattacharjee</p><p> </p><p>39. Corticosteroids and Leukotriene Modifiers in Pediatric SDB</p><p>Aviv D. Goldbart and Leila Kheirandish-Gozal </p><p>40. CPAP Treatment in Children</p><p> Dafna Ofer and Carole L. Marcus</p><p> </p><p>41. Mandibular Advancement Devices</p><p>Maria Pia Villa and Silvia Miano <p>42. Diaphragmatic Pacing in Infants and Children with Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS)<p> Anthony C. Chin, Donald B. Shaul, Pallavi P. Patwari, Thomas G. Keens, Anna S. Kenny, and Debra E. Weese-Mayer</p><p></p></p><p>42. Diaphragmatic Pacing in Infants and Children with Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS)<p> Anthony C. Chin, Donald B. Shaul, Pallavi P. Patwari, Thomas G. Keens, Anna S. Kenny, and Debra E. Weese-Mayer</p><p></p><p> Anthony C. Chin, Donald B. Shaul, Pallavi P. Patwari, Thomas G. Keens, Anna S. Kenny, and Debra E. Weese-Mayer</p><p></ol>