<div>Forward</div><div>Preface</div><div><br/></div><div>Chapter 1</div><div>Multidisciplinary Approach to HIV/AIDS: Historical Perspective</div><div>Clyde B. McCoy*, A. Jeanene Bengoa*, Duane C. McBride, Brian T. Foley, </div><div>Shikha Puri, Alejandro J. Mendez, and Paul Shapshak</div><div><br/></div><div>Chapter 2</div><div>Global Issues in NeuroAIDS</div><div>Jennifer Massey* and Bruce Brew</div><div><br/></div><div>Chapter 3</div><div>HIV-1 related Central Nervous System Diseases: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment – An Indian Scenario</div><div>Sudharsana Sundarrajan, Sajitha Lulu, and Mohanapriya Arumugam*</div><div><br/></div><div>Chapter 4</div><div>HIV-1 Diversity in Brazil</div><div>Rodrigo Pessôa and Sabri Saeed Sanabani*</div><div><br/></div><div>Chapter 5</div><div>HIV and SIV Evolution</div><div>Brian T. Foley*</div><div><br/></div><div>Chapter 6</div><div>Human Brain Imaging in HIV and NeuroAIDS</div><div>Mona A. Mohamed* and Peter Barker</div><div><br/></div><div>Chapter 7</div><div>HIV Neuroinvasion </div><div>Suzanne Gartner* and Yiling Liu</div><div><br/></div><div>Chapter 8</div><div>Neuropathology of HIV-1 Disease</div><div>Virawudh Soontornniyomkij*</div><div><br/></div><div>Chapter 9</div><div>HIV-related Peripheral Nervous System Illness</div><div>Jocelyn Jiao, David M. Simpson, and Jessica Robinson-Papp*</div><div><br/></div><div>Chapter 10</div><div>The Role of Early Life Programming in Vulnerability and Resilience in Relation to HIV</div><div>Luba Sominsky* and Deborah Hodgson</div><div><br/></div><div>Chapter 11</div><div>Neurocognition in Viral Suppressed HIV-Infected Children</div><div>Claudia S. Crowell* and Kathleen Malee</div><br/><div>Chapter 12</div><div>Psychiatric Comorbidities in HIV-Infection</div><div>April D. Thames* and Jacob D. Jones</div><div><br/></div><div>Chapter 13</div><div>Toward an Iterative Approach to Preventing HIV Risk Among Young MSM</div><div>J. Bryan Page</div><div><br/></div><div>Chapter 14</div><div>NeuroAIDS in Drug Abusers – Associations with Oral Manifestations</div><div>Fariba S. Younai*</div><br/><div>Chapter 15</div><div>Socioepidemiology of Injection Drug Users in Miami and HIV-1B Envelope (V1-V5) Genetic Diversity: A Preliminary Study</div><div>Paul Shapshak*, Brian T. Foley, Seetharaman Balaji, David M. Segal, Clyde McCoy, </div><div>and J. Bryan Page</div><div><br/></div><div>Chapter 16</div><div>The persistence of HIV associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) in the era of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART)</div><div>Elyse J. Singer* and Natasha M. Nemanim</div><div><br/><div>Chapter 17</div><div>Antiretroviral Therapy - Brain Penetration</div><div>Charurut Somboonwit*, Jose A Montero, John T. Sinnott, and Paul Shapshak</div><div><br/></div><div>Chapter 18</div><div>Molecular Mechanisms of Cognitive Impairment in Patients with HIV Infection: Application of Bioinformatics and Data-Mining</div><div>Luca Giacomelli*, Francesco Chiappelli, Bruno Orlando, Victor Sivozhelezov, </div><div>and Roberto Eggenhöffner</div><div><br/></div><div><br/></div><div>Chapter 19</div><div>Genetic, Epigenetic, and Transcriptomic Studies of NeuroAIDS </div><div>Andrew J. Levine*, Kumud K. Singh, Asha R. Kallianpur </div><div><br/></div><div>Chapter 20</div><div>NeuroAIDS: A Review of Gene Expression in Neurons, Astrocytes and Oligodendrocytes</div><div>Jeanie McGee and Alireza Minagar*</div><div><br/></div><div>Chapter 21</div><div>Neuronal Apoptotic Pathways in HIV Associated Dementia, Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, and Huntington's Disease</div><div>Fatten F. Elkomy, Andrew J. Levine, Elyse Singer, Charurut Somboonwit, Todd Wills, Kaley Tash, John T. Sinnott, Sally Alrabaa, Anteneh Addisu, Hector Rodriguez, Francesco Chiappelli, Toni Kazic, and Paul Shapshak* </div><div><br/></div><div>Chapter 22</div><div>Clinical Relevance of Humanized Mice</div><div>Rachel Samantha Resop, Irene Jane Kim, Huy Nguyen, and Dimitrios Nikolaos Vatakis*</div><div><br/></div><div>Chapter 23</div><div>HIV and Stroke</div><div>Souvik Sen*, Lauren Giamberardino, and Parth Thakker</div><div><br/></div><div>Chapter 24</div><div>Hepatitis C and HIV Neurological Implications</div><div>Shuchi Pandya, Misbahuddin Syed, Manuel Castro, Jamie P. Morano, and Beata Casanas*</div><div><br/></div><div>Chapter 25</div><div>Central Nervous System Reactivation of Chagas Disease in Immuno-compromised Patients with HIV/AIDS</div><div>Silvana Maria Eloi-Santos*, Unai Tupinambás, Helena Duani, and Jose Eymard Homem Pittella</div><div><br/></div><div>Chapter 26</div><div>Central Nervous System Tuberculosis</div><div>Beata Casanas*, Douglas Holt, and Kelly Kynaston </div><div><br/></div><div>Chapter 27</div><div>Neurosyphilis and HIV infection</div><div>Anteneh Addisu, Beata C Casanas, and Sally Alrabaa</div><div><br/></div><div>Chapter 28</div><div>Orthopoxviruses and Human Disease</div><div>Robert Castro and Beata Casanas*</div><div><br/><div>Chapter 29</div><div>Opportunistic Neurologic Infections in Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus</div><div>Kelly Kynaston, Minh Ho, Robert Castro, and Jose Montero*</div><div><br/></div><div>Chapter 30</div><div>Zika Virus and HIV/AIDS</div><div>A. Jeanene Bengoa*, Clyde B. McCoy*, Brian T. Foley, Shikha Puri, Alejandro J. Mendez, and Paul Shapshak</div><div><br/></div><div>Chapter 31</div><div>Global Convergent Translational Science for Neuro-Involvement in Ebola Viral Disease: Lessons Learned from Neuro-AIDS</div><div>Francesco Chiappelli*, Allen M. Khakshooy, Andre Barkhordarian, Vandan R. Kasar, Melissa Nahcivan, Mia T. Nguyen, Jeong Min (Grace) Hwang, Marena Martinez Kutschman, Angela Du, and Nashwa Softo</div><div><br/></div><div>Chapter 32</div><div>Sequence Accuracy in Primary Databases: A case study on HIV-1B</div><div>Seetharaman Balaji*, Ramachandran Akash, Nandy Krittika, and Paul Shapshak</div><div><br/></div><div>Chapter 33</div><div>Amyloidogenic Pattern Prediction of HIV-1 Proteins</div><div>Patil Sneha, Seetharaman Balaji*, and Paul Shapshak</div><div><br/></div><div>Chapter 34</div><div>On the Potential for Multiscale Oscillatory Behavior in HIV</div><div>Alexander V. Ratushny*, Patrick De Leenheer, Sergei I. Bazhan, Gennady A. Bocharov, Tamara M. Khlebodarova, and Vitaly A. Likhoshvai</div><div><br/></div><div>Chapter 35</div><div>Short oligo-peptide T-cell epitopes in HIV-1/AIDS vaccine development: Current status, design, promises and challenges</div><div>Pandjassarame Kangueane*, Kumar Viswapoorani, Christina Nillofer, Subramani Manimegalai, Murugan Sivagamy, Uma Kangueane, Gopichandran Sowmya, and Meena Kishore Sakharkar</div><div><br/></div><div>Chapter 36</div><div>HIV-1 Envelope (ENV) GP160 trimer protein complex SPIKE as a recombinant macro-molecular assembly vaccine component candidate – Current opinion</div><div>Christina Nilofer, Arumugam Mohanapriya, and Pandjassarame Kangueane*</div><div><br/></div><div>Chapter 37</div><div>Gene Therapy Blueprints for NeuroAIDS</div><div>Hector E. Rodriguez, Seetha Lakshmi, Charurut Somboonwit, Asa Oxner, Lucy Guerra, </div><div>Anteneh Addisu, Louise Gutierrez, John T. Sinnott, Christina Nilofer, Pandjassarame Kangueane, and Paul Shapshak*</div><div><br/></div><div><br/></div><div>Chapter 38</div><div>Biostatistical Concerns in HIV Research</div><div>Robert C. Duncan*</div></div></div>