Practical Management of Pediatric Ocular Disorders and Strabismus

<div>Practical Management of Pediatric Ocular Disorders and Strabismus</div><div>Editors:</div><div>Elias I. Traboulsi</div><div>Virginia Miraldi Utz</div><div>Assistant Editor:&nbsp;</div><div>Michelle M. Ariss</div><div><br></div><div>Section 1: &nbsp;The Pediatric Clinical Examination&nbsp;</div><div>Chapter 1: &nbsp;Approach to Visual Acuity Assessment and Strabismus Evaluation of the Pediatric Patient &nbsp;</div><div>Cindy Pritchard, George S. Ellis, Jr.</div><div>Chapter 2: &nbsp;Sensorial Adaptations to Strabismus</div><div>Allison E. Babiuch</div><div></div><br><div>Section 2: &nbsp;Refractive Errors</div><div>Chapter 3: &nbsp;Management of Asymptomatic Hypermetropia in Infancy or Early Childhood</div><div> Virginia Miraldi Utz, Elias I. Traboulsi</div><div>Chapter 4: Myopia</div><div>Timothy E. Hug</div><div>Chapter 5: Management of Astigmatism in Children</div><div>Jason Lee, Daniele P. Saltarelli</div><div>Chapter 6: Pediatric Contact Lenses for Medical Indications&nbsp;</div><div>Danielle P. Saltarelli, Heather L. Cimino, Virginia Miraldi Utz </div><div>Chapter 7: Pediatric Refractive Surgery</div><div>Erin D. Stahl&nbsp;</div><div></div><br><div>Section 3: Amblyopia</div><div>Chapter 8 Practical Management of Amblyopia&nbsp;</div><div>Chrysavgi Adamopoulo, Virginia Miraldi Utz, Fatema F. Ghasia, Michelle M. Ariss</div><div>Section 4: Cornea/Anterior Segment</div><div>Chapter 9: Diagnosis and Management of Conjunctivitis in Infancy and Childhood</div><div>Alison E. Smith, Michelle M. Ariss&nbsp;</div><div>Chapter 10: Dia</div>gnosis and Management of Corneal Ulcers in Pediatric Patients<div>Patricia Ann Ple-plakon, Christopher T. Hood</div><div>Chapter 11: Herpes-related Anterior Segment Infections</div><div>Aaron R. Kaufman, Adam H. Kaufman</div><div>Chapter 12: The </div>Anesthetic Cornea and Exposure Keratopathy in Infants and Children<div>Viral Juthani, William J. Dupps, Jr. &nbsp;</div><div>Chapter 13: Peters Anomaly</div><div>Faruk H. Örge, Charline S. Boente&nbsp;</div><div>Chapter 14: Anterior Segment Dysgenesis Syndromes</div><div>Faruk H. Örge, Charline S. Boente&nbsp;</div><div>Chapter 15: Management of the Patient with Hyphema</div><div>Sarah B. Wierda, Michelle M. Ariss</div><div>Chapter 16: Management of Chemical Ocular Injuries in Pediatric Patients</div><div>Christine Shieh, Terry Kim</div><div>Chapter 17: Anterior Segment Trauma (Non-chemical)</div><div>Michael Eric Gray </div><div></div>Section 5: &nbsp;Lens/Cataract<div>Chapter 18 Diagnostic Testing for Infantile Cataracts</div><div>Laura L. Hanson, Virginia Miraldi Utz</div><div>Chapter 19 Management of Infantile and Childhood Cataracts</div><div>Courtney L. Kraus, Rupal H. Trivedi, Brita S. Deacon, M. Edward Wilson</div><div>Chapter 20 Persistence of the Fetal Vasculature: Varieties and Management</div><div>Priyanka Kumar, Elias I. Traboulsi</div><div>Chapter 21 Evaluation and Management of the Patient with Subluxated Lenses</div><div>Elias I. Traboulsi&nbsp;</div><div><br></div><div>Section 6: Uveitis</div><div>Chapter 22 Uveitis Associated w</div>ith Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis<div>Francesco Pichi, Paola Carrai, Careen Lowder</div><div>Chapter 23 Non-infectious Intermediate and Posterior Uveitis</div><div>E. Mitchell Opremcak</div><div>Chapter 24 Infectious Uveitis&nbsp;</div><div>Julia F. Malalis, Sarah M. Escott, Debra A. Goldstein&nbsp;</div><div>Chapter 25 Pediatric Masquerade Uveitis</div><div>Francesco Pichi, Paolo Nucci, Paola Carrai, Careen Lowder</div><div><br></div><div>Section 7: Diagnostic Testing of the Posterior Segment </div><div>Chapter 26 Retinal Imaging for Pediatric Patients&nbsp;</div><div>Robert Andrew Sisk, Brian G. Zamora</div><div></div>Chapter 27: Use of Optical Coherence Tomography in the Eyes of Children<div>Jared E. Duncan, Sharon F. Freedman, Mays Antoine El-Dairi</div><div>Chapter 28: &nbsp;Electroretinography in Pediatric Retinal Dystrophies&nbsp;</div><div>James Lin, Luz Amaro-Quireza, Stephen H. Tsang</div><div><br></div><div>Section 8: &nbsp;Posterior Segment Disorders</div><div>Chapter 29 Retinopathy of Prematurity</div><div>Michael B. Yang</div><div>Chapter 30 Management of Pediatric Posterior Segment Trauma in Children</div><div>Nathanial Clarks Sears, Jonathan Eliot Sears</div><div>Chapter 31 Non-Accidental Trauma: Abusive Head Trauma</div><div>Sonia B. Dhoot, Jennifer B. </div>Pierce, Mary E. Moffatt, Michelle M. Ariss<div>Chapter 32: Screening for Vigabatrin (Sabril ®) Retinal Toxicity in Children</div><div> Scott E. Brodie</div><div><br></div><div>Section 9: Inherited Disorders&nbsp;</div><div>Chapter 33</div>: Genetic Counseling and Testing<div>Meghan J. Marino, Elias I. Traboulsi</div><div>Chapter 34: Retinal Dystrophies: Clinical Work-up and Selected Examples</div><div>Melanie A. Schmitt, Elias I. Traboulsi</div><div>Chapter 35: Inherited Vascular Disorders</div><div>Johane Robitaille</div><div>Chapter 36: The Phakomatoses</div><div>Virginia </div>Miraldi Utz, Elias I. Traboulsi<div>Chapter 37: Retinoblastoma</div><div>Carlos A. Medina, Priyanka Kumar, Arun D. Singh</div><div><br></div><div>Section 10: Optic Nerve Disorders</div><div>Chapter 38 Optic Nerve Malformations&nbsp;</div><div>Palak B. Wall, Elias I. Traboulsi</div><div>Chapter 39 Evaluation and Management of Optic Pathway Gliomas</div><div>Gena Heidary</div><div>Chapter 40 &nbsp;Pediatric Pseudotumor Cerebri Syndrome</div><div>Claire A. Sheldon, Grace L. Paley, Christina Szperka, Shana E. McCormack, Grant T. Liu&nbsp;</div><div>Chapter 41 Optic Neuritis in Children</div><div>Mays Antoine El-Dai</div>ri, M. Tariq Bhatti&nbsp;<div>Chapter 42 Childhood Glaucoma</div><div>Eniolami O. Dosunmu, Sharon F. Freedman</div><div>Chapter 43 Aphakic/Pseudophakic Glaucoma</div><div>Eniolami O. Dosunmu, Sharon F. Freedman</div><div>Chapter 44 &nbsp;Diagnosis and Management of Juvenile Open Angle Glaucoma</div><div>Allison E. Babiuch, Yasmin S. Bradfield</div><div><br></div><div>Section 11: &nbsp;Strabismus, Neuro-paralytic Disorders </div><div>Chapter 45 Diagnosis and Management of Infantile Esotropia </div><div>Christopher Gappy&nbsp;</div><div>Chapter 46 Diag</div>nostic Challenges in Acquired Non-Accommodative Esotropia <div>G. Robert LaRoche</div><div>Chapter 47 Management of Accommodative Esotropia</div><div>Monte A. Del Monte</div><div>Chapter 48 Sixth Nerve Palsy in Children </div><div>Scott E. Olitsky, Timothy P. Lindquist</div><div>Chapter 49 &nbsp;Diagnosis and Management of Fourth Nerve Palsy in Children</div><div>Cajal K. Patel, Reecha S. Bahl</div><div>Chapter 50 Cranial Nerve III Palsy in Children</div><div>Kathryn P. Winkler, Reecha S. Bahl</div><div>Chapter 51 Management of Exotropia in Childhood </div><div>Andreas Marcotty, Virginia Miraldi Utz&nbsp;</div><div></div>Chapter 52 Duane Retraction Syndrome <div>Ashley Abraham, Elias I. Traboulsi, Michelle M. Ariss</div><div>Chapter 53 Management of Strabismus in Thyroid Eye Disease</div><div>Elias I. Traboulsi, Natalie C. Kerr </div><div>Chapter 54 A and V Pattern Strabismus&nbsp;</div><div>Steffany M. Straight, Reecha S. Bahl </div><div>Chapter 55 Congenital Cranial Dysinnervation Disorders&nbsp;</div><div>Emin Cumhur Sener, Maria Choudhary, Hande Taylan Şekeroğlu</div><div>Chapter 56 Differential Diagnosis and Management of Hyperdeviations: Non-4th Nerve Palsy -&nbsp;</div><div>Dissociated Vertical Deviations and Skew Deviations </div><div>Jessica J. Kovarik, James D. Bowsher, Derek T. Sprunger</div><div>Chapter 57 Approaches to Strabismus Reoperation</div><div>Marina A. Eisenberg, Monte A. Del Monte </div><div>Chapter 58 Brown Syndrome </div><div>Mohamad S. Jaafar</div><div>Chapter 59 </div>Acute Strabismus<div>Emily Broxterman, Michelle M. Ariss</div><div>Chapter 60 Complications of Strabismus Surgery</div><div>Oriel Spierer, Kara M. Cavuoto, Craig A. McKeown&nbsp;</div><div><br></div><div>Section 12: Eyelid, Orbit and Lacrimal Disorders </div><div></div>Chapter 61 Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction<div>Andreas Marcotty&nbsp;</div><div>Chapter 62 Management of Blepharoptosis in Infancy and Childhood</div><div>&nbsp; Forrest J. Ellis&nbsp;</div><div>Chapter 63 Preseptal and Orbital Cellulitis</div><div>Rachel E. Reem&nbsp;</div><div>Chapter 64 Current Management of Inferior Orbital Wall Fractures in Children </div><div>Bryan R. Costin, Julian Perry</div><div>Chapter 65 Non-Infectious Causes of Proptosis in Children &nbsp;&nbsp;</div><div>Hassan A. Aziz, Rao Chundury, Julian Perry, Arun D. Singh</div><div>Chapter &nbsp;66 Craniosynostosis and Congenital Craniofacial Disorders</div><div></div>Daniel Straka, Sandy Zhang-Nunes, Cameron Nabavi, Jill Foster&nbsp;<div>Chapter 67 Supplement: Special Considerations in the Management of Amblyopia and Strabismus in</div><div>Craniofacial Disorders</div><div>Rachel E. Reem, M.D., Mary Lou McGregor, M.D.&nbsp;</div><div><br></div><div>Section 13: Patients with Special Needs</div><div>Chapter 68 Management of Vision Impairment in Children</div><div>Kelly Lusk, Terry L. Schwartz&nbsp;</div><div>Chapter 69 Down Syndrome</div><div>W. Walker Motley, III&nbsp;</div><div><br></div><div>Section 14: Nystagmus</div><div>Chapter 70 Nystag</div>mus in Pediatric Age Group: Clinical Features and Management<div>Fatema F. Ghasia&nbsp;</div><div><br></div><div>Section 15: &nbsp;Non-organic Vision Loss</div><div>Chapter 71 Non-Organic Vision Loss</div><div>Lillith Mondok, Elias I. Traboulsi</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>Appendices</div><div><br></div><div>Appendix 1 Prescribing Practices for Refractive Errors in Pediatric Patients</div><div>Virginia Miraldi Utz&nbsp;</div><div>Appendix 2 Basic Retinoscopy</div><div></div>Gonzalo Vike Vicente&nbsp;<div>Appendix 3 Dynamic Retinoscopy</div><div> Gonzalo Vike Vicente</div><div>Appendix 4 Strategies for the Child Who Would Not Wear Glasses</div><div>Sarah L. Lopper&nbsp;</div><div>Appendix 5 Prescribing Prisms for Pediatric Patients</div><div>Sarah L. Lopper</div><div>Appendix 6 Pathogens and Medications for Infectious Conjunctivitis in Children</div><div> Alison E. Smith</div><div>Appendix 7 Medications Commonly Used in Allergic Conjunctivitis Treatment</div><div></div>Alison E. Smith<div>Appendix 8 IOL Power Selection for Children</div><div> Rupal H. Trivedi, M. Edward Wilson</div><div>Appendix 9 Measuring Axial Eye Length in Children&nbsp;</div><div>Fadia AlKhawaldeh</div><div>Appendix 10 Surgical Instrumentation in Strabismus Surgery </div><div>Elias I. Traboulsi&nbsp;</div><div>Appendix 11 Surgical Planning and Numbers &nbsp;</div><div>Virginia Miraldi Utz, Elias I. Traboulsi&nbsp;</div><div>Appendix 12 ROP Examination and Treatment Pearls</div><div>Mi</div>chael B. Yang<div>Appendix 13 ROP Follow-up Schedule&nbsp;</div><div>Michael B. Yang</div><div>Append</div>ix 14 Pseudotumor Cerebri Diagnostic Criteria<div>Grant T. Liu</div><div>&nbsp;Appendix 15 Anisocoria &nbsp;</div><div>Greg Kosmorsky&nbsp;</div><div><br></div>