<p>Preface </p><p>Acknowledgements</p><p>1. Introduction</p><p> </p><p>I. Evolution of Sleep Medicine by Historical Periods</p><p> </p><p>2. Sleep in Ancient Egypt</p><p>3. Sleep Medicine in the Arab Islamic Civilization</p><p>4. Sleep Medicine in Ancient and Traditional India</p><p>5. Sleep Medicine in Ancient and Traditional China</p><p>6. Sleep in the Biblical Period </p><p>7. Sleep in the New Testament</p><p>8. The Greco-Roman Period</p><p>9. The Aztec, Maya, and Inca Civilizations</p><p> </p><p>II. Sleep Medicine from the Medieval Period to the 19<sup>th</sup> Century</p><p> </p><p>10. Sleep Medicine in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance</p><p>11. Sleep in the 17th and 18th Centuries</p><p> </p><p>III. The Early Evolution of Modern Sleep Medicine</p><p> </p><p>12. The Evolution of Sleep Medicine in the 19th and the Early 20th Century</p><p>13. The History of Polysomnography: Tool of Scientific Discovery</p> <p></p><p>IV. Sleep Medicine Societies, Professional Societies, and Journals</p><p> </p><p>14. A History Behind the Development of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Societies</p><p>15. Development of Sleep Medicine in Europe</p><p>16. Evolution of Sleep Medicine in Japan</p><p>17. History of Japanese Clinical Sleep Medicine</p><p>18. Sleep Medicine around the World (Beyond North American and European Continents)</p><p> </p><p>V. Sleep Disorders in Historic Diseases</p><p> </p><p>19. Cholera</p><p>20. Encephalities Lethargica</p><p>21. African Sleeping Sickne</p>ss<p></p><p>22. Sleep and HIV Disease</p><p> </p><p>VI. Historical Milestones of Individual Sleep Disorders</p><p> </p><p>23. Evolution of the Classification of Sleep Disorders</p><p>24. History of Epidemiological Research in Sleep Medicine</p><p>25. The Insomnias: Historical Evolution</p><p> </p><p>VII. Neurological Sleep Disorders </p><p> </p><p>26. Narcolepsy – Cataplexy</p> Syndrome and Symptomatic Hypersomnia<p></p><p>27. Idiopathic Hypersomnia</p><p>28. Kleine-Levin Syndrome</p><p>29. Movement Disorders in Sleep</p><p>30. History of Restless Legs Syndrome, Recently Named Willis-Ekbom Disease</p><p>31. Sleep and Stroke</p><p>32. Sleep in Neurodegenerative Diseases</p><p>33. Sleep, Cognitive Dysfunction, and Dementia</p><p>34. Fatal Familial Insomnia and Agrypnia Excitata: Insights into Human Prion Disease Genetics and the Anatomo-Physiology of Wake and Sleep Behaviours</p><p>35. Epilepsy and Sleep</p><p>36. Sleep Disorders after Traumatic Brain Injury: Milestones in Perspective</p><p>37. Headache Syndromes and Sleep</p><p> </p><p>VIII. Psychiatric and Psychological Sleep Disorders</p><p> </p><p>38. Depression</p><p>39. Schizophrenia and Psychosis</p><p>40. Bipolar Disorder</p><p> </p><p>IX. Respiratory Diseases</p><p> </p><p>41. A Short History of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome</p><p>42. Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome: A Short History</p>43. Restrictive and Obstructive Lung Diseases and Sleep Disorders<p></p><p>44. NREM Arousal Parasomnias</p><p>45. REM Sleep Behavior D</p>isorder<p></p><p>46. Chronobiology and Sleep</p><p> </p><p>X. Medical Disorders and Sleep</p><p> </p><p>47. Cardiovascular Disease and Sleep Dysfunction</p><p>48. Nonrestorative Sleep, Musculoskeletal Pain, Fatigue in Rheumatic Disorders and Allied Syndromes: A Historical Perspective</p><p>49. Sleep and Pain: Milestones and Advances from Research</p><p>50. Endocrine-Metabolic Disorders and Sleep Medicine</p><p>51. The Gut and Sleep</p><p>52. Impotence and Erectile Problems in Sleep Medicine</p><p>53. Women’s Health and Sleep Disorders</p><p> </p><p>XI. Miscellaneous Important Aspects</p><p> </p><p>54. The Emergence of Pediatric Sleep Medicine</p><p>55. Sleep Disorders, Cognition, Accidents, and Performance</p><p>56. Sleep Deprivation: Societal Impact and Long Term Consequences</p><p>57. Sleep Models</p><p> </p><p>XII. Evolution of Treatment and Investigative</p> Approaches in Sleep Medicine<p></p><p> </p><p>58. A History of Non-Pharmacological Treatments for Insomnia</p><p>59. The Pharmacological Treatment of Sleep Disorders</p><p>60. Psychological Treatment of Insomnia: The Evolution of Behavior Therapy and Cognitive Behavior Therapy</p><p>61. Modafinil: Development and Use of the Compound</p><p>62. Phylogeny in Sleep Medicine</p><p>63. Gamma-Hyroxybutyrate (Sodium Oxybate): From the Initial Synthesis to the Treatment of Narcolepsy Cataplexy and Beyond</p><p>64. Development and Impact of Brain Imaging Techniques</p><p> </p>