Diversity in Synapse Structure and Composition.- The Role of Glutamate Transporters in Synaptic Transmission.- Structure and Function of Vertebrate and Invertebrate Active Zones.- Neurotransmitter Release Machinery: Components of the Neuronal SNARE Complex and Their Function.- The Molecular Machinery for Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis.- Initiation and Regulation of Synaptic Transmission by Presynaptic Calcium Channel Signaling Complexes.- Adhesion Molecules at the Synapse.- Dendritic Organelles for Postsynaptic Trafficking.- Structure and Mechanism of Action of AMPA and Kainate Receptors.- Cellular Biology of AMPA Receptor Trafficking and Synaptic Plasticity.- Structure and Function of the NMDA Receptor.- Molecular Properties and Cell Biology of the NMDA Receptor.- Surface Trafficking of Membrane Proteins at Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses.- Scaffold Proteins in the Postsynaptic Density.- Ca2+ Signaling in Dendritic Spines.- Postsynaptic Targeting of Protein Kinases and Phosphatases.- Long-Term Potentiation.- Homeostatic Synaptic Plasticity.- Ubiquitin and Protein Degradation in Synapse Function.- Signaling from Synapse to Nucleus.- Molecular Organization of the Postsynaptic Membrane at Inhibitory Synapses.- Acid-Sensing Ion Channels (ASICs) and pH in Synapse Physiology.- Glia as Active Participants in the Development and Function of Synapses.- Plasticity of Dentate Granule Cell Mossy Fiber Synapses: A Putative Mechanism of Limbic Epileptogenesis.- Stroke – A Synaptic Perspective.- and Pathological Pain.