Gene Spiller
Springer US
0e druk, 2012
9781468422436
Fiber in Human Nutrition
Specificaties
Paperback, 278 blz.
|
Engels
Springer US |
0e druk, 2012
ISBN13: 9781468422436
Rubricering
Verwachte levertijd ongeveer 8 werkdagen
Samenvatting
The editors have designed this book to serve both as a textbook on fiber in nutrition and, we hope, as the first complete reference on the subject. For the past 25 years, the study of plant fibers and their effect on human physiology has generally been relegated to a low-priority status. Recently, however, this area of research has enjoyed a renaissance unparalleled in the history of the food and nutritional sciences, a reawakening which has occurred primarily as a result of epidemiology reports that suggested a positive relationship between plant fiber ingestion and health. As interest among the scientific community increased and new research programs were initiated to test objectively the epidemiological hypotheses, major gaps in the fundamental pool of knowledge became apparent. To compound the difficulty, scientists often did not agree upon what "fiber" is. Some investigators restricted their definition to the structural polymers of the plant, while others expanded theirs to include the entire plant cell wall with all its fibrous and associated nonfibrous substances. As a result, research that was performed and reported frequently only obscured the issue still further; at best it exposed whole new areas of ignorance in a field once considered too uninteresting to pursue. Despite voluminous research, scientists generally have still not been able to identify with certainty the specific component(s) of the plant cell-wall system that causes the various observed physiological effects. In fact, they do not yet agree upon the nomenclatures involved.
Specificaties
ISBN13:9781468422436
Taal:Engels
Bindwijze:paperback
Aantal pagina's:278
Uitgever:Springer US
Druk:0
Inhoudsopgave
1 What Is Fiber?.- I. Introduction.- II. Development of the Concept of Fiber in Human Nutrition.- A. Crude Fiber.- B. Residue, Roughage, and Bulk.- C. Unavailable Carbohydrate.- D. Dietary Fiber.- E. Bran.- III. The Plant Cell Wall.- A. Primary Wall.- B. Secondary Cell Wall.- C. Growth, Maturation, and Taxonomic Differences.- IV. Components of Fiber and Their Possible Physiological Significance.- A. Cellulose.- B. Hemicelluloses.- C. Pectins.- D. Plant Gums, Mucilages, and Storage Polysaccharides.- E. Lignin.- F. Algal Polysaccharides.- V. Fiber-Associated Substances.- A. Phytic Acid.- B. Silica.- C. Cuticular Substances.- D. Protein.- E. Other Substances.- VI. Conclusion.- References.- 2 The Chemistry of Dietary Fiber.- I. Introduction.- A. Definition of Dietary Fiber.- B. Components of Dietary Fiber.- C. Fractionation of the Plant Cell Wall.- II. The Chemistry of the Individual Components.- A. Pectic Substances.- B. Hemicelluloses.- C. Plant Gums and Mucilages.- D. Algal Polysaccharides.- E. Cellulose.- F. Lignin.- G. Minor Components of the Plant Cell Wall.- III. Arrangement and Distribution of the Components of Dietary Fiber in Foods.- A. General Features of the Arrangement within the Cell Wall.- B. Distribution of Dietary Fiber and Its Components in Foodstuffs.- IV. Conclusions.- A. Classification of Dietary Fiber.- B. The Nature of the Dietary Fiber Complex.- References.- 3 The Analysis of Dietary Fiber.- I. Introduction and Historical Review.- II. Measurement of Fiber.- A. Crude Fiber.- B. Normal-Acid Fiber.- C. Acid-Detergent Fiber.- D. Neutral-Detergent Fiber (Cell Wall).- E. A Review of Fiber Methods.- III. Measurement of Constituents of the Plant Cell Wall.- A. Analytical Procedures Based on Fractionation of the Plant Cell Wall.- B. Measurement of Individual Components.- C. The Place of Methods for the Cell-Wall Constituents in Studies of Dietary Fiber.- IV. Unified Procedures for Measurement of Unavailable Carbohydrates, Indigestible Residue, and Dietary Fiber.- A. Total Unavailable Carbohydrate.- B. Indigestible Residue.- C. Cellulosic Fraction of Cereals.- D. Individual Components of Unavailable Carbohydrate.- E. Review of Unified Procedures.- V. Conclusions: Choice of Analytical Procedures in Studies of Dietary Fiber.- References.- 4 Physical Properties of Fiber: A Biological Evaluation.- I. Introduction.- II. Physical Properties of Living Plant Fiber.- A. Polysaccharides and Lignin.- B. Primary Variations in Vegetable Fiber.- III. Preparation of Vegetable Fiber for Physical Characteristics Studies.- IV. Water Adsorption.- A. Fiber and Water.- B. Methods of Water Adsorption.- C. Water-Holding Capacity.- V. Ion-Exchange Capacity.- A. Cation Exchange.- B. Anion Exchange.- VI. Adsorption of Organic Materials to Vegetable Dietary Fiber.- VII. Surface Properties.- A. Surface Area, Pore Size.- B. Filtration Properties.- VIII. Relationship between Fiber and Bacteria.- A. Effect of Bacteria on Fiber.- B. Influence of Fiber on Bacteria.- IX. Effect of Bacteria on Solutes.- A. Solutes of Endogenous Origin.- B. Solutes of Exogenous Origin.- X. Matrix Bacterial-Solute Interaction.- A. Possible Modes of Action for Fiber.- B. Interaction with a Solute of Endogenous Origin.- C. Interaction with a Solute of Exogenous Origin.- XI. Summary.- References.- 5 Microbial Activities Related to Mammalian Digestion and Absorption of Food.- I. Introduction.- II. Fermentation.- III. Food Effects on Host-Microbe Relationships.- IV. The Competition Model.- V. The Cooperation Model, with Preacid Fermentation.- A. The In-Line Fermentation Chamber.- B. The Offset Fermentation Chamber.- VI. The Cooperation Model, with Postacid Fermentation.- VII. Types of Microorganisms.- VIII. Abnormalities in Alimentary Fermentations.- IX. Other Effects of the Microbial Ecosystem on the Host.- X. Summary and Conclusion.- References.- 6 The Use and Function of Fiber in Diets of Monogastric Animals.- I. Introduction.- II. Fiber in Natural-Ingredient Diets.- III. Fiber in Semipurified Diets.- IV. Theories on the Health-Benefiting Role of Fiber in Diets.- A. Fiber Functions as a Bulking Agent.- B. Fiber Functions as a Toxin Antagonist.- C. Fiber Functions as a Nutrient.- V. Experimental Studies with Dietary Fiber.- A. Rats.- B. Rabbits.- C. Guinea Pigs.- D. Chickens.- VI. Conclusion.- References.- 7 Dietary Fiber and Lipid Metabolism.- I. Introduction.- II. Early Studies.- III. Effect of Fiber on Lipids and Atherosclerosis.- A. Commercial Laboratory Rations vs. Semipurified Diets.- B. Specific Types of Fiber (Wheat Straw and Alfalfa).- C. Isocaloric, Isogravic Diets.- D. Semipurified Diets in Nonhuman Primates.- IV. Possible Mechanisms of Action.- A. Binding of Bile Acids and Bile Salts.- B. Water-Holding and Cation Exchange.- V. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 8 Dietary Fiber and Colon Function.- I. Introduction.- II. Effect of Fiber.- A. Effect on Stool Weight.- B. Effect on Transit Time.- C. Effect on Solid and Liquid Phases in the Colon.- D. Effect on Bacterial Flora.- III. Dietary Fiber and Diverticular Disease.- IV. Dietary Fiber and Colonic Cancer.- V. Summary.- References.- 9 Epidemiology of Bowel Disease.- I. Introduction.- II. Considerations in the Epidemiology of Bowel Disease.- A. Age, Sex, Race.- B. Geographical Considerations and Migration.- C. Coexisting Diseases.- D. Dietary Differences and Changes.- III. Artifacts in Interpretation.- IV. Hemorrhoids.- V. Appendicitis.- VI. Constipation, Intestinal Stasis, and Consequences.- VII. Diverticular Disease.- A. Pathology.- B. Age, Sex, Race.- C. Geographical Considerations.- D. Coexisting Diseases.- E. Dietary Influences.- VIII. Cancer of the Bowel.- A. Pathology.- B. Age, Sex, Race.- C. Social Class.- D. Geography and Migration.- E. Coexisting Diseases.- F. Dietary Influences.- IX. Volvulus of the Colon.- X. Inflammatory Bowel Disease.- A. Pathology.- B. Age, Sex, Race.- C. Geographical Considerations.- D. Coexisting Diseases.- E. Familial Studies.- F. Dietary Influences.- XI. Summary.- References.- 10 Gastrointestinal Diseases and Fiber Intake with Special Reference to South African Populations.- I. Introduction.- II. General Pattern of Changes in Diseases and Diet.- III. Diets of South African Populations.- A. Diet of Negroes.- B. Diet of Indians.- C. Diet of Coloureds.- D. Diet of Whites.- IV. Pattern of Gastrointestinal Diseases in South African Populations.- A. Dental Caries.- B. Bowel Motility: Constipation.- C. Appendicitis.- D. Diverticular Disease.- E. Colonic Cancer.- F. Miscellaneous Diseases.- V. Discussion.- VI. Summary.- References.- 11 The Effects of Dietary Fiber: Are They All Good?.- I. Introduction.- II. The Evidence of Geographic Pathology.- III. The Validity of Assumptions.- IV. Proven Advantages of Dietary Fiber in Man.- V. Some Possible Side Effects of Dietary Fiber.- VI. Sources of Confusion.- References.