Lithium

1 A Narrative Account of Lithium Usage in Psychiatry.- I. Discovery.- II. Uses of Lithium.- A. Nonmedical Uses.- B. Medical Uses.- C. Use in Psychiatry.- III. Commercial Production of Lithium.- IV. Conclusion.- V. References.- 2 The Chemistry and Biochemistry of Lithium.- I. Introduction.- II. General Properties of Cations.- III. Chemistry of Lithium.- A. Crystal Structures of Simple Lithium Salts.- B. The Hydration of the Lithium Cation.- C. The Solubility of Lithium Salts.- D. The Complex Ion Chemistry of Lithium.- E. Nonaqueous Lithium Chemistry.- F. Partition between Solvent Phases.- G. Lithium as an Acid Catalyst.- IV. The Biochemistry of Lithium.- A. Lithium and Proteins.- B. Lithium and Enzymes.- C. Lithium and Polynucleotides.- D. Lithium in Membranes.- E. Electrolytic Potentials in Biology.- V. Concluding Remarks.- VI. References.- 3 Pharmacology—Lithium Absorption, Distribution, Renal Handling, and Effect on Body Electrolytes.- I. Absorption.- II. Distribution.- III. Renal Handling.- IV. Effect on Body Electrolytes.- V. Summary.- VI. References.- 4 Pharmacology—The Effects of Lithium on Biogenic Amines.- I. Introduction.- II. Catecholamines.- A. Basic Studies.- B. Clinical Studies.- C. Discussion.- III. Indoleamines.- A. Basic Studies.- B. Clinical Studies.- C. Discussion.- IV. Conclusion.- V. Acknowledgments.- VI. References.- 5 Pharmacology—Lithium’s Effects on Cyclic AMP, Membrane Transport, and Cholinergic Mechanisms.- I. Cyclic AMP.- II. Membrane Transport.- III. Cholinergic Mechanisms.- IV. Acknowledgment.- V. References.- 6 Pharmacology—Neurophysiology of Lithium.- I. Introduction.- II. Microelectrode Studies.- III. Animal Studies.- IV. Human Studies.- A. EKG Studies.- B. EEG Studies.- C. Computer Studies.- V. Summary and Conclusions.- VI. References.- 7 Pharmacology—Toxicology of the Lithium Ion.- I. Introduction.- II. Mild-Moderate Toxic Side Effects: Minor Lithium Intolerance.- III. Lithium Poisoning.- A. Neurotoxicity with Lithium.- B. Treatment of Lithium Poisoning.- IV. General Considerations.- V. Complications of Lithium Treatment.- A. Effects of Lithium on Thyroid Function.- B. Effects of Lithium on Carbohydrate Metabolism.- C. Lithium Carbonate and Growth Hormone.- D. Lithium-Induced Polyuria, Polydipsia, and Diabetes-Insipidus-like Syndromes.- E. Lithium and Adrenocortical Activity.- F. Leukocytosis Associated with Lithium Treatment.- G. Summary.- VI. Other Effects of Lithium Treatment.- VII. References.- 8 Pharmacology—Lithium Teratology.- I. Introduction.- II. General Principles.- A. Dosage and Tissue Concentrations.- B. Route of Administration.- C. Species and Strain of Animal.- D. Schedule of Administration.- E. Placenta.- F. Genotype.- G. Embryonic Stage.- III. Studies in Premammalian Species.- A. Discussion.- IV. Studies in Mammals Other than Man.- A. Discussion.- V. Chromosome Studies.- VI. Human Studies.- A. Malformations.- B. Stillbirths.- C. Down’s Syndrome.- D. Normal Infants.- E. Discussion.- VII. The Use of Lithium in Pregnancy.- A. Guidelines for the Use of Lithium in Pregnancy.- VIII. Acknowledgment.- IX. References.- 9 Pharmacology—The Biology of Lithium.- I. Introduction.- II. Lithium Treatment and Electrolyte Balance.- III. Lithium Metabolism.- IV. Central Effect of Lithium.- V. Acknowledgment.- VI. References.- 10 Preparations, Dosage, and Control.- I. Preparations.- II. Initial Treatment of Mania: Dosage and Control.- III. Maintenance Treatment.- A. Principles of Dosage and Control.- B. Practical Execution.- IV. References.- 11 The Affective Disorders: Clinical and Epidemiological Aspects.- I. Introduction.- II. The Classification Problem.- A. General Background.- B. Etiologic Issues: Biological vs. Social Factors.- III. Epidemiology.- A. Prevalence and Incidence Figures.- B. Genetic Aspects.- C. Social Factors.- IV. Clinical Depressions.- A. Semantics and Terminology.- B. Heterogeneity of the Phenomena.- C. Clinical Course and High Improvement Rate.- D. Current Approaches to Diagnosis and Classification of Depression.- V. Mania and Elations.- A. Clinical Features.- B. The Problem of Schizo-Affective States.- VI. Conclusions.- VII. Acknowledgment.- VIII. References.- 12 Lithium in Mania: Clinical Trials and Controlled Studies.- I. Introduction.- II. Uncontrolled and Single-Blind Studies.- III. Controlled Studies.- A. Lithium vs. Placebo.- B. Lithium vs. Chlorpromazine.- IV. Experimental Drugs in the Treatment of Mania.- V. Summary and Conclusions.- VI. References.- 13 Lithium and Depression.- I. Introduction.- II. Uncontrolled Studies.- III. Controlled Studies.- IV. Discussion.- A. Factors in Determining Lithium’s Effectiveness.- B. Essential Features for Future Studies.- C. Practical and Theoretical Implications.- V. Summary.- VI. Acknowledgment.- VII. References.- 14 Prophylactic Lithium Maintenance Treatment in Recurrent Endogenous Affective Disorders.- I. Introduction.- II. Terminology.- III. Lithium Maintenance Treatment.- A. Phase One.- B. Phase Two.- C. Phase Three.- D. Phase Four.- E. Phase Five.- F. Phase Six.- G. Phase Seven.- H. Phase Eight.- I. Phase Nine.- J. Phase Ten.- K. Phase Eleven.- IV. Remarks.- V. Acknowledgments.- VI. References.- 15 Lithium in Other Psychiatric Disorders.- I. Introduction.- II. The Use of Lithium in Schizophrenia.- III. The Use of Lithium in Neuroses and Personality Disorders without an Affective Component.- IV. The Use of Lithium in Neuroses and Personality Disorders with an Aggressive or Affective Component.- V. The Use of Lithium in Epilepsy.- VI. The Use of Lithium in Childhood Disorders.- VII. The Use of Lithium for Premenstrual Tension.- VIII. The Use of Lithium in Normals.- IX. Summary and Discussion.- X. References.- 16 Overview of Therapeutic and Prophylactic Trials with Lithium in Psychiatric Patients.- I. Introductory Analysis.- II. Confusion in Classification of the Affective Disorders: A Proposed Model for Biogenetic Investigations.- III. Therapeutic Effects in Mania.- IV. Effects in Depression.- V. Effects in Other Psychiatric Disorders.- VI. Effects on Normals, Productive Cyclothymics, and the Creative Personality.- VII. Prophylaxis.- A. Critiques of Phophylactic Trials.- VIII. Lithium versus Electroshock Therapy.- IX. Summary.- X. References.