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Rudolf Muller Meer over Rudolf Muller

Spectrochemical Analysis by X-Ray Fluorescence
Specificaties
Paperback, 326 blz. | Engels
Springer US | 1972e druk, 2013
ISBN13: 9781468417999
Rubricering
Springer US 1972e druk, 2013 9781468417999
60,99
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Samenvatting

In recent years the x-ray fluorescence technique has become increasingly important in modern analysis and production control; it can be classified as a spectroscopical method for the determination of the elemental com­ position. Many articles treat this method; however, there exists no modern textbook suitable for the beginner as well as the practician and theoretician. In this monograph the author intends to fill this need to present the prin­ ciples of x-ray fluorescence analysis and to develop a theoretical under­ standing of the technique. Both principles and theory w.ill be treated exten­ sively, for they are the basis for successful practical application of the method. X-ray fluorescence, on the other hand, is often carried out exclusively because of its practical usefulness. For this reason theoretical investigations are used exclusively as a basis for practical work and the multitude of applications, which constitute the value of the x-ray fluores­ cence method, will be explained on the basis of simple theory. The idea to write this monograph originated and developed when efforts to train coworkers required a more complete treatise. I would like to thank the elBA Aktiengesellschaft in Basel, where this work originated, for generous support and permission to publish the book. The head of the Physics Department, Dr. E. Ganz, and my colleagues have contributed to this book by providing a stimulating working atmosphere. I am grateful to my associates, in particular Messrs. E. Eng, S. Gasser, and H. R.

Specificaties

ISBN13:9781468417999
Taal:Engels
Bindwijze:paperback
Aantal pagina's:326
Uitgever:Springer US
Druk:1972

Inhoudsopgave

I Principles and Qualitative Analysis.- 1. Absorption and Scattering of X-Rays.- 2. Characteristic Emission Spectra.- 3. Photoelectrons, Fluorescent Yields, and Auger Electrons.- 4. Qualitative Analysis.- 4.1. General Remarks.- 4.2. Anomalous Intensities of Lines in a Spectrum.- 5. Fluorescent Intensity of a Pure Element.- 5.1. Derivation of the Intensity Formula.- 5.2. Dependence of Fluorescent Intensity on the Anode Material of the Tube.- 6. Fluorescent Intensity of an Element in Two- and Multicomponent Mixtures.- 6.1. Derivation of the Intensity Formula.- 6.2. Intensity Formula for Low Concentrations.- 6.3. Effects of Associated Elements on the Fluorescent Intensity.- 6.4. Example for the Numerical Calculation and the Term Weighted-Average Wavelength.- 7. Interelemental or Secondary Excitation.- 8. Grain-Size and Surface Roughness Effects.- 8.1. Introduction.- 8.2. Homogeneous Powders.- 8.3. Heterogeneous Powders.- 8.4. Effects of Surface Roughness.- 9. Intensity Formula for a Divergent Primary Beam.- 10. Apparatus.- 10.1. Instrumentation of X-Ray Fluorescence Units.- 10.2. Generators.- 10.3. X-Ray Tubes.- 10.4. Spectrometers.- 10.5. Collimators.- 10.6. Crystals.- 10.7. Counters.- 10.8. Pulse-Height Analysis and Discrimination.- 10.9. Filters.- 11. Measurement Techniques.- 11.1. Principles of Statistics.- 11.2. Counting Statistics and Counting Loss.- 11.3. Background Correction.- 11.4. Optimal Conditions of Analysis.- 11.5. Short-Term Drift and Variations From Measurement to Measurement.- 11.6. Long-Term Drift.- 11.7. Errors Due to Sample Preparation and Calibration.- 11.8. Detection Limits.- II Quantitative Analysis.- 12. Calibration Curves and Regression Coefficients.- 13. Determination of Low Concentrations.- 13.1. Effects of the Matrix on Fluorescent Intensity.- 13.2. Quantitative Trace Element Determination.- 13.3. Use of Diffusely Scattered X-Ray Radiation.- 14. Determination of Thin Film Thicknesses.- 14.1. Determination of Mass Density.- 14.2. Semiquantitative Determination of Mass Density.- 14.3. Determination of Thin Film Thicknesses via Absorption.- 15. Determination of High Concentrations with Calibration Curves.- 15.1. Curves for Constant Admixture of a Third Component.- 15.2. Curves for Constant Mixing Ratios of Associated Components.- 15.3. Presentation in a Concentration Triangle.- 15.4. Correction for Effects of a Third Component by Correction Factors.- 16. Determination of Concentration, Formulated as a Linear System of Equations.- 16.1. Derivation of the Linear System of Equations.- 16.2. Formulation According to Sherman.- 16.3. Formulation According to Beattie and Brissey.- 16.4. System of Equations According to Marti.- 16.5. Formulation According to Traill and Lachance.- 16.6. Determination of the Interaction Coefficients.- 17. Analysis of Multicomponent Mixtures and Solutions for the Linear System of Equations.- 17.1. Separation into Subsystems.- 17.2. Decomposition and Dilution.- 17.3. Admixture of a Strongly Absorbing Substance.- 17.4. Internal Standard Method.- 17.5. External Standard Method.- 17.6. Double Dilution Method.- 17.7. Effects of Certain Minor Components.- 17.8. Semiquantitative Determination of Concentration.- 17.9. Direct Mathematical Solution.- 17.10. Mathematical Determination of Concentration of a Single Component in a Multicomponent Mixture.- 17.11. Appendix.- III Examples of Applications and Abstracts.- 18. Analysis of Mixtures Which Are Difficult to Separate Chemically.- 18.1. Zirconium-Hafnium.- 18.2. Niobium-Tantalum.- 18.3. Molybdenum-Tungsten.- 18.4. Scandium-Yttrium-Rare Earths.- 18.5. Thorium-Uranium-Plutonium.- 19. Steel and Iron Industry.- 19.1. Steel and Iron.- 19.2. Slags.- 20. Base Metals and Ores.- 20.1. Alloys and Industrial Materials.- 20.2. Ores.- 21. Light-Metal Industry.- 22. Determination of Thicknesses of Thin Films.- 23. Cement Industry and Silicate and Rock Chemistry.- 23.1. Cement and Clay.- 23.2. Silicates and Rocks.- 23.3. Determination of Coordination Number.- 24. Petroleum and Coal Industry.- 24.1. Trace Element Determination in Petroleum Products.- 24.2. Trace Element Determination in Catalysts.- 24.3. Determination of Admixtures in Fuels.- 24.4. Determination of Additives in Lubricating Oils.- 24.5. Trace Element Determination in Coals.- 25. Chemical Industry.- 25.1. Determination of Trace Elements.- 25.2. Determination of Major Elements.- 25.3. Determination of Organic Substances via X-Ray Analysis of an Associated Element.- 26. Medicine and Biology.- 26.1. Medicine.- 26.2. Analysis of Plants, Animal Feed, Water, and Air.- 27. Analysis of Small Amounts of Substance and of Small Areas.- Text References and Articles Abstracted in Part III.

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