Oocyte Growth and Maturation

1 Oocyte Growth and Vitellogenesis.- 1.1. Sources of Ribosomal RNA in Different Types of Oogenesis.- 1.1.1. Origin and Functional Significance of the Nurse Cells of the Ovary.- 1.1.2. Participation of Follicle Cells in the Synthesis of rRNA for the Oocyte.- 1.1.3. Synthesis of rRNA in the Oocyte Nucleus. Amplification of rDNA.- 1.2. Vitellogenesis.- 1.2.1. EndogenousYolk. The Origin of Yolk Proteins.- 1.2.2. Hormonal Control of Vitellogenesis.- 1.2.3. Participation of the Follicular Epithelium in Vitellogenesis.- 1.2.4. Pinocytotic Activity of Oocytes.- 1.2.5. Endogenous Yolk (General Comments).- 1.2.6. Origin and Functional Role of the Golgi Apparatus.- 1.2.7. Formation of the Yolk Platelets during Endogenous Synthesis of the Yolk Proteins.- 1.3. Phagocytic Activity of the Oocytes during Diffuse Oogenesis.- 1.4. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 2 The Nucleus during Oogenesis with Special Reference to Extrachromosomal Structures.- 2.1. Oogonia and Their Differentiation into Oocytes and Trophocytes (Nurse Cells).- 2.2. Oocytes and Trophocytes (Nurse Cells).- 2.3. The Synaptonemal Complex.- 2.3.1. General Characteristics of the Synaptonemal Complex.- 2.3.2. Abnormal Synaptonemal Complexes.- 2.4. Extrachromosomal Nuclear DNA of Oocytes.- 2.4.1. The Amplification Mechanism.- 2.4.2. Time of Amplification.- 2.5. Oocyte Nucleoli.- 2.6. Nucleolus-Like and Nuclear Bodies.- 2.7. The Karyosphere.- 2.8. The Nuclear Envelope.- 2.9. Nucleocytoplasmic Interactions.- 2.9.1. Transport of Nuclear Material through Pores.- 2.9.2. Transport by “Blebbing”.- 2.9.3. Extrusion of Nucleoli.- 2.9.4. Annulate Lamellae.- 2.10. Conclusions.- References.- 3 Development of the Mature Egg Organization in Amphibians, Fish, and Starfish during the Concluding Stages of Oogenesis, in the Period of Maturation.- 3.1.Effect of Gonadotropic Hormones on Oocyte Maturation.- 3.1.1. Effect of Gonadotropic Hormones of the Hypophysis and Progesterone on Oocyte Maturation.- 3.1.2. Hormone-Induced Molecular Changes in the Cytoplasm of Amphibian and Starfish Oocytes during the Initial Stages of Meiotic Reinitiation.- 3.2. Changes in the Structure and Properties of Amphibian and Sturgeon Fish Oocytes during Maturation.- 3.2.1. Follicle Structure and Properties at the Initial Stage and at the End of the Growth Period.- 3.2.2. Changes in Oocyte Structure and Properties during the Maturation Period.- 3.2.2.1. Changes in the Oocyte Nucleus.- 3.2.2.2. Changes in the Oocyte Cytoplasm.- 3.2.3. The Mature Egg.- 3.2.4. Ovulation.- 3.2.5. Chronology of Maturation.- 3.3. Changes in Oocyte Structure and Properties during Maturation Period in Teleosts.- 3.4. The Role of the Oocyte Nucleus and Cytoplasm in the Development of the Mature Egg Organization during the Maturation Period.- 3.4.1. Egg Properties Arising in Cytoplasm of Enucleated Oocytes of Bufo viridis, Rana temporaria, Xenopus laevis,and Acipenser stellatus.- 3.4.2. Egg Properties Emerging with GV Nucleoplasm Participation.- 3.4.2.1. Capacity of Nucleoplasm to Induce the Maturation of Intact Full-Grown Oocytes.- 3.4.2.2. Capacity for Cytokinesis.- 3.4.2.3. Rhythm of Cleavage Divisions.- 3.4.2.4. Chromosome Condensation.- 3.4.2.5. Capacity to Convert Sperm Nuclei into Pronuclei and Induce DNA Synthesis in Them.- 3.4.2.6. Special Structural Features of the Cytoplasm of Oocytes Matured without GV.- 3.5. Molecular Bias of Oocyte Changes during the Maturation Period.- 3.5.1. Maturation Promoting Factor (MPF).- 3.5.1.1. Germinal Vesicle Breakdown Factor (GVBDF).- 3.5.1.2. GVBDF in the Mitotic Cycle in the Period of Synchronous Cleavage Divisions, Desychronization, Blastulation, and during Divisions of Synchronized Mammal Cells.- 3.5.2. MPF and the Appearance in the Cortex of an Ability to Transmit the Activation Impulse and to Produce a Cortical Reaction and Cortical Granule Breakdown.- 3.5.3. Stimulation of Protein Synthesis and MPF (AC) Action.- 3.5.4. Cytoplasmic Control of Chromosome Condensation Activity (CCA).- 3.5.5. Cytostatic Factor (CSF).- 3.5.6. Factors of DNA Synthesis.- 3.5.7. Factors of RNA (RNA Polymerase) Synthesis.- 3.5.8. Factors of Cytokinesis.- 3.5.9. Morphogenetically Active Substances.- 3.5.10. Pseudomaturation-Inducing Factor (PIF).- 3.6. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 4 Meiotic Divisions.- 4.1. Meiosis and Fertilization.- 4.2. Morphology of Meiosis.- 4.3. Chronology of Meiosis.- 4.4. Reduction and Equational Character of Meiotic Divisions.- 4.5. Meiosis in Parthenogenetic Development.- 4.6. Genetic Mechanisms of Sex Determination.- 4.7. Effect of External Factors on Meiosis.- 4.7.1. Temperature.- 4.7.2. Ionizing Radiation.- 4.7.3. Chemical Substances and Other Factors.- 4.8. Control of Meiosis.- 4.9. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 5 Maturation of Mammalian Oocytes in Vitro.- 5.1. Acquisition of Maturation Competence.- 5.2. Morphology of Maturation.- 5.3. Duration of Maturation.- 5.4. Biochemistry of Maturation.- 5.5. Hormonal Control of Maturation.- 5.5.1. Effect of Gonadotropins on the Maturation of Follicle-Enclosed Oocytes In Vivo and In Vitro.- 5.5.1.1. Production of cAMP.- 5.5.1.2. Steroidogenesis.- 5.5.1.3. Glycolysis.- 5.5.1.4. In Vitro Maturation of Follicle-Enclosed Oocytes.- 5.5.2. Mechanisms of Gonadotropin Effect on Maturation of Mammalian Oocytes.- 5.5.2.1. Effects of cAMP, db cAMP, and Adenylate Cyclase Activations on the Maturation of Follicle-Enclosed Oocytes.- 5.5.2.2. Effects of Steroids on Maturation of Follicle-Enclosed Oocytes.- 5.5.2.3. Effect of Pyruvate, Lactate, and Iodoacetic Acid on Oocyte Maturation of Follicle-Enclosed Oocytes.- 5.5.2.4. Effects of Ions on Maturation of Follicle-Enclosed Oocytes.- 5.5.3. Spontaneous Maturation.- 5.5.3.1. Effect of Cumulus Cells on Spontaneous Maturation.- 5.5.3.2. Effects of LH, FSH, db cAMP, and Drugs Elevating cAMP on Spontaneous Maturation of OCCC.- 5.5.3.3. Effects of FSH, db cAMP, and Drugs Elevating cAMP on Maturation of Denuded Oocytes.- 5.5.3.4. Effects of Steroids on Spontaneous Maturation of OCCC.- 5.5.3.5. Effect of Steroids on Maturation of Denuded Oocytes.- 5.5.3.6. Effects of Granulosa Cells and Follicular Fluid (FF1) on Spontaneous Maturation.- 5.5.3.7. Influence of Ions on Spontaneous Maturation.- 5.5.4. Possible Mechanisms of Gonadotropin Induction of Oocyte Maturation in Mammals.- 5.5.5. The Capability of Oocytes Matured In Vitro to Undergo Fertilization and Subsequent Development.- References.- 6 Special Features of Controlling Respiration during Oogenesis.- 6.1. Oxygen Consumption.- 6.1.1. Oocyte Growth.- 6.1.2. Oocyte Maturation.- 6.2. Intensity of Oocyte Respiration.- 6.3. Control of Oxygen Consumption.- 6.4. Control of Respiration Intensity in Oocytes.- References.- 7 Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism at Different Stages of Oogenesis.- 7.1. The Enzyme System of Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Oocytes of the Loach.- 7.2. Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis in Oocytes.- 7.3. Gluconeogenesis and Glycogenesis in Oocytes.- 7.4. Special Features of Glycogen Synthetase in Loach Oocytes.- 7.5. Oocyte Maturation and Changes in Carbohydrate Metabolism.- 7.6. Satellite Enzymes of Gluconeogenesis during Oocyte Maturation.- 7.7. Oocyte Maturation and Control of Glycogenolysis in the Mature Oocyte and Embryo.- References.