Evoked Brain Potentials in Psychiatry

1 Introduction.- Some Historical Background.- Development of the Writer’s Evoked-Response Research.- 2 Techniques.- Averaging: Concepts and Limitations.- General Recording Conditions.- Electrodes.- Basic Instrumentation Needs.- Averaging Instruments.- Capacitor-Integrators.- Photographic Devices.- Storage Tube Averagers.- Magnetic Tape Averagers.- Rémond’s Phasotron.- Digital Computers.- Recent Developments.- Additional Instruments for Recording.- Preset Counters.- Timing Devices.- Calibration.- Amplifiers.- Instrumentation Tape Recorders.- Display Instruments.- Special Logic Circuits—Automatic Subtraction.- Artifact Suppressor Circuits.- Automatic dc Base-Line Reset Circuit.- Dynamic Ground.- Stimulus Problems.- Electrocutaneous Stimulation.- Tactile Stimulation.- Auditory Stimulation.- Visual Stimulation.- Quantification and Data Reduction.- Measurement of Components.- Hand and Computer Measurement.- Spatial Problems.- Fractionation by Frequency.- Recovery Functions: A Special Problem of Quantification..- 3 Characteristics of Event-Related Potentials.- Somatosensory Responses.- Description and Spatial Distribution.- Reliability.- Effect of Stimulus Intensity.- Recovery Functions.- Extracerebral Contaminants.- Auditory Responses.- Possible Brain Stem Auditory Responses.- Visual Responses.- Rhythmic Afteractivity.- Spatial Distribution and Extracerebral Contaminants.- Reliability of the Response to Flash.- Effects of Stimulus Intensity.- Recovery Functions.- Stimuli Other Than Flash.- Motor Potentials.- Long Latency Potentials.- Contingent Negative Variation and Other Steady Potential Shifts.- 4 Age, Sex, and Other Factors.- Somatosensory Responses and Age.- Infancy and Childhood.- Adolescent and Adult Years.- Recovery Functions.- Somatosensory Responses and Sex.- Auditory Responses, Age, and Sex.- Visual Responses and Age.- Infancy and Childhood.- Adolescence and Adult Years.- Visual Responses and Sex.- Contingent Negative Variation.- Handedness.- Time of Day.- Respiratory and Cardiac Cycles.- Comment.- 5 Evoked Responses and Impaired Consciousness.- Sleep Stages.- Somatosensory Evoked Responses and Sleep.- Auditory Responses and Sleep.- Visual Responses and Sleep.- Comment.- Delirium.- Delirium Tremens.- Experimental Delirium.- Chronic Delirium (Organic Brain Syndrome).- Coma.- Comment.- 6 Attention and Related Phenomena.- Habituation.- Directed Attention.- Counting Stimuli.- Differential Attention.- “Unconscious” Attention.- Reaction Time.- Do Evoked Responses Reflect Selective Attention?.- Hypnosis and Suggestion.- Distraction.- Long-Latency Potentials.- Contingent Negative Variation (CNV).- Variations with Concentration and Distraction.- Sensory Discrimination and Multiple Anticipation.- Reaction Time.- Time Estimation.- Comment.- 7 EEG-Evoked Response Relationships.- Between-Subjects Correlations.- Comment.- Experimental Manipulation of the EEG.- Within-Subject Relationships.- Comment.- EEG-Evoked Response Relationship as a Psychophysiological Variable.- Comment.- 8 Intelligence and Personality.- Intelligence.- Mental Retardation.- Comment.- Questionnaire Tests of Personality.- Maudsley Personality Inventory.- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.- Perceptual or Performance Tests of Personality.- Bender Gestalt Performance.- Critical Flicker Fusion (CFF).- Field Dependence-Independence.- Archimedes’ Spiral.- Stimulus Augmenting-Reducing.- “Repressiveness”.- Contingent Negative Variation.- Sedation Threshold.- Comment.- 9 Functional Psychiatric Disorders.- Evoked Responses to Unpaired Stimuli.- Somatosensory.- Auditory Responses.- Visual Responses.- Comment.- Variability of Evoked Responses in Time and Space.- Callaway’s Two-Tone Procedure.- Visual-Response Variability.- Spatial Variability.- Comment.- Somatosensory Evoked-Response Recovery Functions.- Early Studies.- Personality Disorders.- Confirmatory Studies.- Serial Studies in Psychotic Depressions.- Additional Studies of Somatosensory Recovery Functions.- Effect of Medication.- Comparisons of Major Diagnostic Groups.- Individual Diagnoses.- Multiple Regression Analysis.- Comment.- Modified Somatosensory Recovery Function Procedure.- Method.- Some Preliminary Results.- Comment.- Auditory Evoked-Response Recovery Functions.- Visual Evoked-Response Recovery Functions.- Comment.- Contingent Negative Variation.- Comment.- 10 Effects of Pharmacologic Agents.- Preanesthetics and Anesthetics.- Preanesthetics.- Inhalation Anesthetics.- Barbiturates.- Steroids.- Psychoactive Agents.- Sedatives.- Alcohol.- Excitants.- Major Tranquilizers.- Antidepressants.- Lithium.- Thyroid Function.- Psychotogenic Agents.- Comment.- 11 Conclusion.- References.