Subcellular Biochemistry

1 Composition and Development of the Bacterial Photosynthetic Apparatus.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structure and Function of Membranes.- 2.1. Chemical Composition of Isolated Membranes.- 2.2. Physical Properties of Isolated Membranes.- 2.3. The Photosynthetic Apparatus.- 2.4. The Respiratory Electron Transport System.- 2.5. Energy-Requiring Reactions Linked to Electron Transport.- 2.6. Reconstitution of Light-Dependent Reactions in Photosynthetically Incompetent Membranes.- 3. Development of Membranes and Its Regulation.- 3.1. Bacteriochlorophyll Synthesis.- 3.2. Differentiation of the Cellular Membrane System.- 4. Comparative Aspects.- 5. References.- 2 The Cascade of Membrane Events during Development of Dictyostelium discoideum.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Dictyostelium Development.- 1.2. Processes Mediated by the Plasma Membrane.- 2. General Composition and Structure of the Membrane.- 2.1. Isolation Techniques.- 2.2. Changes in the Phenotype of the Membrane during Development.- 3. Functions of the Plasma Membrane during Development.- 3.1. Chemotaxis.- 3.2. Aggregation.- 3.3. Cell-Cell Interaction.- 4. Summary.- 5. References.- 3 Tubulin and the Microtubule System in Cellular Growth and Development.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Occurrence and Function of Microtubules.- 1.2. Structure of Microtubules.- 2. Biochemical Characterization of Microtubule Proteins.- 2.1. Purification of Tubulin.- 2.2. Heterogeneity in Tubulin.- 2.3. Carbohydrate, Lipid, and Nucleotide in Microtubules.- 2.4. Enzyme Activities Associated with Microtubule Proteins.- 2.5. Proteins Associated with Microtubules.- 2.6. Microheterogeneity in Tubulin.- 3. Microtubule Assembly.- 3.1. Conditions of Assembly.- 3.2. Role of Nucleotides in Assembly.- 3.3. Accessory Factors for Assembly.- 3.4. Mechanism of Assembly in Vitro.- 3.5. Regulation of Microtubule Assembly.- 4. Antimicrotubular Agents.- 4.1. Colchicine and Its Structural Analogs.- 4.2. Podophyllotoxin.- 4.3. Vinblastine and Vincristine.- 4.4. Griseofulvin.- 4.5. Other Microtubule Poisons.- 4.6. The Mechanism of Substoichiometric Antimitotic Drug Poisoning.- 5. Microtubules in Growth and Development.- 5.1. Relation of Microtubules to Morphogenesis and Maturation of Disk-Shaped Blood Cells.- 5.2. Relation of Microtubules to Morphogenesis in Other Cells.- 5.3. Relation of Microtubules to Other Cell Organelles and Structures.- 5.4. Tubulin-Microtubule Association with Membrane Structures in Relation to Cell Transformation.- 5.5. Tubulin-Microtubule Association with Plant Cell Membrane.- 5.6. Biosynthesis of Tubulin.- 5.7. Posttranslational Modification.- 5.8. Tubulin mRNA in Developing Systems.- 6. Cloning of the Tubulin Gene.- 7. Conclusion.- 8. References.- 4 Nucleus and Cytoplasm: Supply and Demand. What Underlies the Flow of Genetic Information?.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Interdependence and Complementarity of Central and Peripheral Mechanisms in the Control of Gene Expression.- 2.1. Regulation of Protein Synthesis: Control at the Transcriptional Level Is Necessary.- 2.2. Regulation of Protein Synthesis: Transcription Alone Is Not Sufficient.- 3. Some Hypotheses on Posttranscriptional Regulation.- 3.1. “Cascade Regulation” Model.- 3.2. “Ticketing” Model.- 3.3. Model Involving Cytoplasmic Inhibitors of mRNA Function.- 3.4. Autogenous Regulation of Gene Expression.- 3.5. Attenuation as a Mechanism for Differential Gene Activity.- 3.6. Hypothesis Proposing a Regulatory Role for Repetitive Sequences.- 3.7. Hypothesis of “Splicer” RNAs.- 4. The Cytoplasm as a Source of Genome-Reprogramming Activity.- 5. A Model for Cytoplasm-Governed Gene Regulation.- 5.1. Qualitative Redundancy of Transcription as a Consequence of Structural Organization of the Genome.- 5.2. Selective RNA Transport as a Mechanism for Controlling Transcription.- 6. Regulation of Gene Expression at the Level of Nucleus-to- Cytoplasm Transport of RNA.- 6.1. Rate of RNA Transport.- 6.2. Comparison of Nuclear and Cytoplasmic RNAs in Various Cell Types.- 6.3. Transport of Some Specific Transcripts.- 6.4. “Luxury” Functions, “Housekeeping” Functions, and Modulation of mRNA Abundance in the Cytoplasm.- 6.5. Transport-Controlling Factors of the Cytosol.- 7. Metabolic Heterogeneity of Nuclear RNA.- 8. Structural Organization of Intranuclear RNA Transport.- 9. Conclusion.- 10. References.- 5 Subcellular Mechanisms Involving Vitamin D.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Subcellular Aspects of Functional Vitamin D Metabolism.- 2.1. Vitamin D-25-Hydroxylase.- 2.2. 25-OH-D-1 -Hydroxylase.- 3. Molecular Mechanism of Action of l,25-(OH)2D3.- 4. Summary.- 5. References.- 6 Macromolecular Organization of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Distribution of Acetylcholine Receptors.- 2.1. Innervated Skeletal Muscle and Electroplaques.- 2.2. Denervated Skeletal Muscle (Extrajunctional Ach Receptors).- 2.3. Biosynthesis of Extrajunctional Ach Receptors.- 3. Composition of Acetylcholine Receptors.- 4. Structure of Acetylcholine Receptors.- 5. Morphological Correlates of Acetylcholine Receptors.- 6. Differences between Junctional and Extrajunctional Acetylcholine Receptors.- 7. Significance of Extrajunctional Acetylcholine Receptor Aggregates.- 8. Conclusion.- 9. References.- 7 Immunological Studies of Tissue Proteinases.- 1 Introduction.- 2. Cathepsin D.- 2.1. Antiserum Production.- 2.2. Inhibition by Antisera.- 2.3. Tissue Localization: Intracellular and Extracellular.- 2.4. The Assay of Cathepsin D.- 2.5. The Structure of Cathepsin D.- 2.6. The Biosynthesis of Cathepsin D.- 3. Cathepsin B and Related Thiol Proteinases.- 4. Collagenase.- 5. Elastase and Cathepsin G.- 6. Serine Proteinases of Skin and Muscle.- 7. Acrosin.- 8. Plasminogen Activators.- 9. Immunological Methods for the Study of Proteinases.- 9.1 Purification of Proteinases.- 9.2. Preparation of Antisera.- 9.3. Preparation of Antibodies from Antisera.- 9.4. Preparation of Antibodies Using Hybridomas.- 9.5. Immunoprecipitation in Gels and Solution.- 9.6. Immunoinhibition.- 9.7. Nonprecipitating Antibodies and Immunoassay.- 9.8. Immunolocalization.- 10. Conclusions.- 11. References.- 8 Amino Acids from the Moon: Notes on Meteorites.- 1. Introduction.- 2. History.- 2.1. Analyses of Lunar Samples and Meteorites.- 2.2. Preparation of Samples.- 2.3. Method of Analysis.- 2.4. Contamination in Lunar Fines.- 2.5. Sources of Amino Acids from the Moon and Meteorites.- 2.6. The Chemical Nature of Amino Acid Precursors.- 3. Summary and Prospect.- 4. References.- Recent Books in Cell Biochemistry and Biology.- 1. Recognition Systems.- 2. Techniques.- 3. Cell Biology and Organelles.- 4. Evolution of Cellular Systems.