Evolutionary Biology

1. The Significance of Asymmetrical Sexual Isolation.- The Kaneshiro Models.- Selection for Nonsexual Behavior Traits.- Evidence from the Hawaiian Drosophila.- Other Evidence.- The Watanabe—Kawanishi Models.- Other Models.- Evidence from Drosophila arizonensis—Drosophila mojavensis Case.- Evidence from Drosophila paulistorum.- Discussion.- References.- 2. Comments on “The Significance of Asymmetrical Sexual Isolation”.- References.- 3. The Significance of Asymmetrical Sexual Isolation and the Formation of New Species.- Other Models of Asymmetrical Sexual Isolation.- The Watanabe—Kawanishi Model.- The Wasserman—Koepfer Model.- Empirical Data in Support of the Kaneshiro Model.- Male Choice or Female Choice?.- Mating Propensity and Sex Drive.- The Direction of Evolution in Hawaiian Drosophila.- Mating Asymmetries and Speciation.- Concluding Remarks.- References.- DNA Hybridization and Avian Systematics: Introduction.- 4. DNA Hybridization and Avian Phylogenetics.- From Organisms to Distances: The Data.- The Method of DNA Hybridization.- The Nature of the Data.- DNA Distances and Sources of Error.- From DNA Distances to Trees: The Analytical Methods.- What Kinds of Trees Are These?.- The Uniform Average Rate (UAR).- Relaxing the Assumption of a UAR.- Evaluating DNA Tree Topologies.- Discussion and Interpretation.- DNA Distances and Their Phylogenetic Structure.- The Temporal Pattern of Avian Evolution.- Conflicts among Data: The Search for Congruence.- “The Problem of Phylogeny Has Been Solved”: Conclusion.- References.- 5. DNA Hybridization and Avian Phylogenetics: Reply to Cracraft.- References.- 6. DNA Evolutionary Implications of Phenotypic Plasticity in Plants.- The Nature of Phenotypic Plasticity.- Analysis of Phenotypic Expression.- The Genotypic Basis of Plasticity.- The Expression of Plasticity.- Size and Allocation.- Leaf Morphology.- Physiological Plasticity.- Biosynthetic Responses.- Plastic Convergence.- Evolutionary Responses to Environmental Heterogeneity.- The Heterogeneity of the Plant Environment.- Theoretical Considerations Regarding Specialization and Plasticity.- Between-Population Response.- Evolutionary Response within Populations.- What Is Fitness in Plants?.- Conclusions.- References.- 7. Deuterostome Monophyly and Phylogeny.- Deuterostomes.- Echinoderms.- Hemichordates.- Urochordates.- Cephalochordates.- Craniates.- Cleavage and Cell Movement.- Organizers and Mesodermal Induction.- Somites.- Ectoderm and Neural Induction.- Neural Crest.- Head Segmentation.- Endoderm and Gut.- Appendages.- Character Analysis.- Analysis and Comments.- Resumé.- Abbreviations.- References.- 8. Arvicolid Data (Arvicolidae, Rodentia) and Evolutionary Concepts.- Arvicolids.- Paleospecies (Morphospecies) and Biospecies.- Morphological Data.- The Relativity of Morphospecies.- Analysis of Dental Characteristics.- Morphological Data and Arvicolid Phylogeny.- Origin of the Arvicolidae.- Arvicolid Paleontological History.- Chromosomal Data.- Biochemical Data.- Arvicolid Data and Speciation.- Speciation As a Spaciotemporal and Populational Phenomenon.- Speciation and Chromosomal Changes.- Speciation and Chromosomal, Biochemical, and Morphological Changes.- Arvicolid Data and Phyletic Gradualism.- Phyletic Gradualism in Water Rats.- Phyletic Gradualism in Lagurines.- Phyletic Gradualism in Muskrats.- Phyletic Gradualism in Ellobines.- Other Cases of Phyletic Gradualism.- Arvicolid Data and Stasis.- Morphological Stasis.- Ecophenotypic Iterative Changes.- How Often? Relative Importance of Allopatric Speciation, Phyletic Gradualism, and Stasis among Arvicolids.- Allopatric Speciation, Phyletic Gradualism, Rates, and Stasis in Eurasiatic Arvicolidae.- Allopatric Speciation, Phyletic Gradualism, Rates, and Stasis in North American Arvicolidae.- Allopatric Speciation, Phyletic Gradualism, General Rates, and Stasis in Arvicolidae.- Discussion: Arvicolid Data and Evolutionary Concepts.- Speciation.- Phyletic Gradualism.- Stasis.- Relationship between Speciation, Phyletic Gradualism, and Stasis: A Reconsideration of the Biological Species Concept.- The Role of Environment in Speciation.- Speciation and Modes of Evolution.- Arvicolid Data and Punctuated Equilibria.- Conclusion.- Summary.- References.- 9. Evolutionary Rates under Environmental Stress.- Stress and Natural Selection.- Phenotypic Selection.- Heat Shock Proteins and Acclimatization.- Variation under Stress.- Phenotypic versus Genotypic.- Recombination.- Mutation.- Mobile Genetic Elements.- Evolutionary Rates.- The Underlying Genotype.- Morphological Change and Ecological Stress.- Conclusions.- Summary.- References.- 10. Cricket Life Cycles.- Life Cycle Types.- Homodynamic Life Cycles.- Heterodynamic Life Cycles.- Eastern and Western Tendencies.- Comparison of Taxonomic Groups.- Regulation of Life Cycles.- Egg Stage.- Water Uptake.- Temperature Requirements for Embryogenesis.- Intensity of Diapause at High Temperature.- Diapause Termination by Low Temperature.- Tolerance to Cold.- Incidence of Diapause.- Genetic Control of Egg Diapause.- Nymphal Stage.- Number of Molts.- Effect of Temperature on Nondiapause Growth.- Group Effect on Development.- Photoperiodic Effect on Nymph Overwinterers.- Photoperiodic Effect on Egg Overwinterers.- Adult Stage.- Functional Division of Adult Life.- Wing Dimorphism.- Fecundity.- Geographical Adaptations.- Homodynamic versus Heterodynamic Life Cycles.- Egg versus Nymph Overwintering.- Variation in Voltinism.- Linear Geographical Clines.- Saw-Toothed Patterns of Variation.- Polymorphism in Life Cycles.- Life Cycle and Speciation.- Seasonal Isolation.- Parallel Divergence of Life Cycles.- Climatic Speciation Model.- Evolutionary Potential in Life Cycle.- References.