1 Introduction.- 2 Enzymatic Formation, Degradation, and Action of Cyclic Nucleotides.- 2.1 Adenylate Cyclases.- 2.1.1 Regional Distribution of Adenylate Cyclase in Brain.- 2.1.2 Regional Distribution of Cyclic AMP in Brain.- 2.1.3 Postdecapitation Changes in Brain Cyclic AMP.- 2.1.4 Morphological Localization of Cyclic AMP in Brain.- 2.1.5 Subcellular Distribution of Adenylate Cyclases and Cyclic AMP.- 2.1.6 Activation and Inhibition of Adenylate Cyclases.- 2.1.7 Activation by Putative Neurotransmitters.- 2.1.8 Developmental Changes in Adenylate Cyclases and Cyclic AMP in Brain.- 2.1.9 Ganglia and Peripheral Neurons.- 2.1.10 Cultured Cells.- 2.2 Guanylate Cyclases.- 2.2.1 Regional Distribution of Guanylate Cyclase and Cyclic GMP in Brain.- 2.2.2 Subcellular and Morphological Distribution of Guanylate Cyclase in Brain.- 2.2.3 Activation and Inhibition.- 2.2.4 Developmental Changes in Guanylate Cyclase and Cyclic GMP in Brain.- 2.2.5 Ganglia.- 2.3 Phosphodiesterases.- 2.3.1 Regional Distribution in Brain.- 2.3.2 Morphological Localization in Brain.- 2.3.3 Subcellular Distribution in Brain.- 2.3.4 Multiplicity of Brain Phosphodiesterases.- 2.3.5 Activation.- 2.3.6 Inhibitors.- 2.3.7 Analogs of Cyclic AMP and Cyclic GMP.- 2.3.8 Developmental Changes in Brain Phosphodiesterases.- 2.3.9 Strain Differences in Brain Phosphodiesterases.- 2.3.10 Ganglia and Peripheral Neurons.- 2.3.11 Cultured Cells.- 2.4 Protein Kinases.- 2.4.1 Cyclic AMP-Dependent Kinases.- 2.4.2 Cyclic GMP-Dependent Kinases.- 2.5 Phosphoprotein Phosphatases.- 2.5.1 Regional and Subcellular Distribution in Brain.- 2.5.2 Activation, Inhibition, and Substrates.- 2.5.3 Dephosphorylation of Membranal Phosphoproteins.- 3 Accumulation of Cyclic Nucleotides.- 3.1 Cyclic AMP in Brain Slices.- 3.1.1 Rabbit.- 3.1.2 Guinea Pig.- 3.1.3 Rat.- 3.1.4 Mouse.- 3.1.5 Primates.- 3.1.6 Pig.- 3.1.7 Cat.- 3.1.8 Chicken.- 3.1.9 Amphibians.- 3.1.10 Conversion of Adenine and Adenosine-Labeled Nucleotides to Cyclic AMP.- 3.1.11 Release and Uptake of Cyclic AMP.- 3.1.12 Effects of Drug and Other Treatments of Animals on the Cyclic AMP-Generating Systems in Brain.- 3.2 Cyclic GMP in Brain Slices.- 3.2.1 Rabbit.- 3.2.2 Guinea Pig.- 3.2.3 Rat.- 3.2.4 Mouse.- 3.2.5 Cat.- 3.3 Cyclic AMP in Ganglia and Peripheral Neurons.- 3.3.1 Vertebrates.- 3.3.2 Invertebrates.- 3.4 Cyclic GMP in Ganglia and Peripheral Neurons.- 3.4.1 Vertebrates.- 3.4.2 Invertebrates.- 3.5 Cyclic Nucleotides in Cells of Neuronal or Glial Origin.- 3.5.1 Fetal Brain Cells.- 3.5.2 Neuroma Cells.- 4 Functional Role of Cyclic Nucleotides.- 4.1 Enzymatic Processes.- 4.1.1 Intermediary Metabolism.- 4.1.2 Membrane Metabolism.- 4.1.3 Neurotransmitter Metabolism.- 4.1.4 Cyclases, Phosphodiesterases, and Kinases.- 4.1.5 Protein Phosphorylation.- 4.1.6 DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis.- 4.2 Cell Morphology, Differentiation, and Growth.- 4.2.1 Neuroblastoma Cells.- 4.2.2 Glioma Cells.- 4.2.3 Hybrid Cells.- 4.2.4 Fetal Cells.- 4.2.5 Ganglia and Peripheral Neurons.- 4.2.6 Role of Microtubules.- 4.2.7 Trophic Factors.- 4.3 Membrane Phenomena.- 4.3.1 Central Neurons.- 4.3.2 Ganglionic Neurons.- 4.3.3 Peripheral Neurons.- 4.3.4 Cultured Cells.- 4.4 Levels of Cyclic Nucleotides in Brain.- 4.4.1 Postdecapitation Changes in Cyclic AMP in Brain.- 4.4.2 Effects of Drugs and Other Treatments on Levels of Cyclic AMP in Brain.- 4.4.3 Effects of Drugs and Other Treatments on Levels of Cyclic GMP in Brain.- 4.4.4 Behavioral Correlations.- 4.4.5 Clinical Correlations.- 4.5 Central Behavioral and Vegetative Functions.- 4.5.1 Behavioral Effects.- 4.5.2 Vegetative Effects.- 4.5.3 Centrally Active Drugs.- Conclusion.- References.
