Emotions in Personality and Psychopathology

Emotions in Personality and Psychopathology: An Introduction.- Emotions in Personality and Psychopathology: An Introduction.- I Moods, Traits, and Defense Mechanisms.- 1 Editor’s Introduction.- Affect and Imagination in Play and Fantasy.- I. The Meaning and Functions of Imaginative Play.- (A) Examples of Imaginative Play.- (B) The Role of Make-Believe Play in Early Childhood.- (C) Affects and Imagination in Early Childhood.- II. Theoretical Relationships between Affect and Imagination.- (A) Cognitive Assimilation and Differentiated Affects.- (B) Thought and Affect Regulation.- (C) Fantasy in Child’s Play.- III. Research Approaches to Studying Imagination.- (A) Projective Techniques.- (B) Observations of Spontaneous Play.- (C) Intervention Procedures.- IV. Some Recent Research Findings with Preschoolers.- V. Some Implications for Theory and Research.- References.- 2 Editor’s Introduction.- Humor and Psychopathology.- I. Humorous Behavior and Its Psychopathology.- (A) Early Disturbances of Smiling and Laughing.- (B) Failures in Humor Appreciation.- (C) The Cognitive Component of the Humor Response.- (D) The Affective Component.- (E) Comic Action and Its Psychopathology.- II. Humor in Specific Psychopathological States.- (A) General Considerations.- (B) Organic States—Involuntary Laughter.- (C) Humor and Schizophrenia.- (D) Humor and Depression.- III. Conclusion.- References.- 3 Editor’s Introduction.- Moods: Their Personal Dynamics and Significance.- I. Introduction.- II. The Nature and Significance of Affect.- III. Approaches to the Understanding of Moods.- (A) Moods as Dimensions of Behavioral Change.- (B) Moods as Cognitive-Affective Interactions.- (C) Moods as Subjective Experience.- (D) Moods as Psychodynamic Changes.- (E) Some Shared Perspectives and Their Implications.- IV. Aims and Methods in Studies of Mood and Personality.- (A) The Setting of Our Initial Studies.- (B) Research Aims and Strategies.- (C) The Personal Feeling Scales (PFS).- V. Changes in Normal Elation and Depression.- (A) Changes in Self and Ideal Concepts.- (B) Changes in Hostility and Responses to Frustration.- VI. Level and Variability of Elation-Depression Reports over Extended Periods.- (A) Hedonic Level and Variability.- (B) Independence of Hedonic Level and Variability.- (C) Absence of Regularity and Rhythm in Normal Mood Records.- (D) Elation-Depression as a Major Dimension of Mood.- VII. Individual Patterns of Affective Covariation.- VIII. Personality Characteristics of the Happy and the Unhappy.- IX. Personality Characteristics of the Stable and the Variable in Mood.- X. Conclusion.- References.- 4 Editor’s Introduction.- The Meaning and Measurement of Guilt.- I. Introduction.- (A) A Construct Validational Approach.- (B) The Meaning of Guilt.- (C) The Measurement of Guilt.- II. Evidence of Construct Validity.- (A) Guilt and Behavioral Inhibition.- (B) Behavioral Inhibition in the Laboratory.- (C) Guilt and Moral Judgment.- (D) Guilt as Personality Disposition and as Affect.- (E) Guilt and Physiological Indices of Arousal.- III. Progress and Prospect.- (A) Successful Construct Validation.- (B) Limitations of the Inventories and the Construct Validational Approach.- (C) Future Research on Guilt.- References.- 5 Editor’s Introduction.- The Personal and Social Dynamics of Shyness.- I. The Phenomenon of Shyness.- II. Stanford Shyness Survey.- I. Situations and Attributions.- II. Public versus Private Shyness.- V. Shyness and Assorted Pathologies.- (A) Political and Social Control • (B) Alcoholism • (C) Irrational Violence: Sudden Murderers • (D) Sexual Dysfunction.- VI. Shyness across Cultures.- VII. Treatment Implications.- References.- 6 Editor’s Introduction.- Sensation Seeking and Risk Taking.- I. Theoretical Background.- (A) Theoretical Links with Psychopathology.- (B) Development of the Sensation Seeking Scales (SSS).- (C) Sensation Seeking as an Emotional State.- (D) Risk.- (E) Sensation Seeking in Normals.- (F) Development of State Scales for Sensation Seeking.- (G) The Relation between Novelty and Risk.- (H) Relationships between Risk Appraisal, Sensation-Seeking Trait, and Eysenck Dimensions.- (I) State Responses to Hypothetical Situations.- II. Sensation Seeking and Psychopathology.- (A) Psychopathic Personality and Delinquency • (B) Drug Abusers • (C) Mania • (D) Schizophrenia • (E) Phobias.- III. A Biological Theory of Sensation Seeking.- References.- 7 Editor’s Introduction.- The Appetite Hypothesis of Emotions: A New Psychoanalytic Model of Motivation.- I. Introduction.- II. Classification.- III. Definition of a Wish.- IV. Three Components of Emotions.- V. General Characteristics of Appetites.- VI. Emotions as Appetites and Messages.- VII. Some Clinical Implications.- VIII. Some Social Implications.- IX. Phylogenetic Speculations.- X. Conclusion.- References.- 8 Editor’s Introduction.- A Structural Theory of Ego Defenses and Emotions.- I. Defining and Measuring Ego Defenses.- (A) Variations in the Concept of Ego Defenses.- (B) Attempts to Measure Defense Mechanisms.- (C) Development of an Initial Model.- (D) Constructing an Ego Defense Scale: Rationale.- II. Study I: Development of a Preliminary Self-Report Defense Mechanisms Test.- III. Study II: Clinicians’ Conceptions of Ego Defenses in Relation to Diagnoses.- IV. Study III: A Factor Analysis of Correlations among Defense Mechanism Scales.- V. Study IV: Clinicians’ Ratings of the Appropriateness of Items.- VI. Study V: Ratings of Developmental Level of Ego Defenses.- VII. Study VI: A Comparison of Schizophrenics and Normals on the Life Style Index.- VIII. Study VII: Ego Defenses in Relation to Self-Esteem and Anxiety.- IX. Study VIII: Similarity Ratings of Defense Mechanisms: A Direct Estimation Method.- X. Study IX: Similarity Ratings of Defense Mechanisms: A Semantic Differential Comparison.- XI. A Theoretical Model for Defense Mechanisms.- XII. Conclusion.- References.- II Pain, Anxiety, Grief, and Depression.- 9 Editor’s Introduction.- Emotion, Pain, and Physical Illness.- I. The Role of Emotion in Pain and Illness.- II. Models of Pain and Emotion.- (A) Sensory Model of Pain.- (B) Sequential Components (Sensation and Emotion) Model.- (C) A Parallel Processing Model of Pain Distress.- III. Applications to Distress Reduction during Medical Treatment.- IV. Conclusion.- References.- 10 Editor’s Introduction.- A Neuropsychological Theory of Anxiety.- I. Learning Theory Background.- II. The Behavioral Effects of Antianxiety Drugs.- (B) Frustrative Nonreward.- (A) Punishment.- III. The Psychology of Anxiety.- IV. The Septohippocampal System.- V. The Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect.- VI. The Septohippocampal System and the Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect.- VII. The Dorsal Ascending Noradrenergic Bundle.- VIII. Conclusion.- References.- 11 Editor’s Introduction.- The Functions of Grief.- I. The Nature of Grief.- (A) The Syndrome of Grief.- II. Biological Contributions to the Syndrome of Grief.- (A) The Phylogeny of Grief.- (B) The Universality of Grief.- (C) Biological Functions of Grief.- III. Psychological Contributions to the Syndrome of Grief.- (A) Extinction.- (B) Learned Helplessness.- (C) The Interruption of Behavior.- (D) The Psychological Functions of Grief.- IV. Social Contributions to the Syndrome of Grief.- (A) The Social Functions of Grief and Mourning.- V. Concluding Observations.- References.- 12 Editor’s Introduction.- Shame in Depression and Hysteria.- I. Reasons for the Neglect of the Phenomenology of Shame and Guilt 371.- (A) The Distinction between the Self and the Ego.- (B) The Nature of Human Nature.- (C) Shame and a Theory of Sex Differences.- II. Distinctions between Shame and Guilt.- (A) Difficulties in Recognizing One’s Psychological State: Shame and Guilt Are Often Fused and Therefore Confused.- (B) The Stimulus to Shame Is Twofold: Moral and “Nonmoral” Shame.- (C) Difficulties in the Functioning of the Self in Shame and Guilt.- (D) Difficulties in Discharging Hostility in Shame and Guilt: Shame-Rage, Which Originates about the Self, Is Discharged upon the Self.- III. Evidence for a Connection between Shame and Depression.- (A) Phenomenological Similarity between Shame and Depression/Hysterias.- (B) Field Dependence and Depression/Hysterias.- IV. Sex Differences in Shame and in Depression/Hysterias.- (A) Sex Differences in Proneness to Shame.- (B) Sex Differences in Proneness to Depression • (C) Sex Differences in Proneness to the Hysterias.- References.- 13 Editor’s Introduction.- Guilt in Obsession and Paranoia.- I. The Role of Guilt in Mental Illness.- II. The Phenomenology of Guilt.- (A) Oedipus the King.- (B) Hamlet.- (C) The Iceman Cometh.- III. Guilt and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders.- (A) Freud’s Case of the Rat-Man.- (B) Excerpts from Psychotherapy Sessions.- IV. Field Independence, Sex, Guilt, and Mental Illness.- References.- 14 Editor’s Introduction.- Cognitive-Affective Processes in Depression.- I. The Phenomenology of Depression.- II. The Cognitive View of Depression.- III. Cognition and Cognitive Processes.- IV. Affect and Affective Processes.- V. Cognition and Affect in Depression.- (A) Thematic Content of the Cognitions.- (B) Time Perspective.- (C) Selective Recall.- (D) Idiosyncratic Meaning.- (E) Characteristic Errors in Thought • (F) Depressogenic Premises and Schemata.- VI. Clinical Implications of the Cognitive View of Depression.- References.- III Emotion Awareness, Expression, and Arousal.- 15 Editor’s Introduction.- Emotion Expressions and Personality Integration in Infancy.- I. The Ontogenesis of Emotion Expressions.- (A) The Differentiation Hypothesis.- (B) The Discrete Systems Hypothesis.- (C) Research Relating to Expression Ontogeny.- II. Factors Affecting the Development of the Emotion System and Personality Integration.- (A) Environment and Social Class • (B) Temperament • (C) Mother-Infant Interactions and Caregiving.- III. Emotions, Cognitive Attainments, and Personality Integration.- (A) Emotion Expressions and Specific Cognitive Attainments.- (B) Emotion Expressions and Overall Social and Mental Development.- (C) Infant Emotions and Infant Well-Being.- IV. Summary.- References.- 16 Editor’s Introduction.- Emotion Awareness and Antisocial Behavior.- I. The Nature of Emotion Awareness.- II. The Impact of Emotion Displays.- III. Emotion Awareness as an Individual Difference.- (A) Accuracy of Classification.- (B) Importance of Emotion Displays.- (C) Interpersonal Reactions.- IV. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 17 Editor’s Introduction.- Nonlinguistic Vocal Indicators of Emotion and Psychopathology.- I. Evolutionary Continuities in the Vocal Expression of Emotion.- II. Effects of Emotion on the Processes of Voice Production.- III. Vocal Indicators of Nonspecific Arousal.- IV. Vocal Indicators of Discrete Emotions.- V. Vocal Indicators of Affective Disturbances in Psychopathology.- VI. Epilogue.- References.- 18 Editor’s Introduction.- Gaze Patterns of Normals and Schizophrenics Retelling Happy, Sad, and Angry Experiences.- I. Introduction.- II. Study 1: Interrelations among Behavioral and Cognitive Indicators of Closeness and Their Effect upon Accurate Discrimination of Anger, Sorrow, and Joy.- (A) Method.- (B) Results.- III. Study 2: Gaze Direction as a Factor in the Judgment of Normal and Schizophrenic Nonverbal Expressions of Affect.- (A) Method • (B) Results.- IV. Discussion.- References.- 19 Editor’s Introduction.- The Emotional Consequences of Arousal without Reason.- I. Critique of the Schachter and Singer Study.- (A) Empirical Issues.- (B) Methodological Issues.- II. Failure of an Exact Replication.- III. Alternative Views.- (A) Negative Biasing.- (B) An Expanded Search.- IV. Current Study.- (A) Unexplained Physiological Arousal.- (B) Cognitive Factors.- (C) Dependent Measures.- (D) Hypotheses.- V. Method.- (A) Subjects.- VI. Results.- (A) Physiological Arousal.- (B) Perception of Confederate.- (C) Overt Emotional Behavior.- (D) Reported Emotional Experience.- (E) Attribution of Causality.- (F) Comparison of Arousal Control Groups.- VII. Discussion.- (A) Social Influences on Emotion.- (B) Unexplained Arousal and Emotional Pathology.- VIII. Conclusion.- References.