Animal Species for Developmental Studies

1 Amoeba and Other Protozoa.- 1.1. Introduction: Protozoa in Developmental Biology.- 1.2. Amoeba and Related Species.- 1.3. Taxonomy.- 1.3.1. Strains and Mutants.- 1.4. Habitats.- 1.5. Culture Conditions.- 1.6. Reproduction.- References.- 2 The Green Flagellate Chlamydomonas.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Taxonomy.- 2.3. Cell Structure and Differentiation during the Life Cycle.- 2.4. Intraspecies Diversity - Mutants.- 2.5. Methods Used to Grow Cells and Modify Their Differentiation.- 2.5.1. Media.- 2.5.2. Culture Conditions.- 2.5.3. Synchronization Methods.- 2.6. Use of Mutants for Analyzing Cell Differentiation.- References.- 3 Hydra and Hydroid Polyps.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Species Used.- 33. Distribution and Collection.- 3.4. Culture Conditions for Hydra.- 3.4.1. Conditions for Obtaining Cultures with a Controlled Reproduction Rate.- 3.5. Development of Buds in Freshwater Hydra.- 3.6. Conditions Leading to Sexual Reproduction.- 3.7. Gametogenesis.- 3.7.1. Spermatogenesis.- 3.7.2. Oogenesis.- 3.8. Development of the Hydra Embryo.- 3.9. Keeping Marine Hydroid Polyps under Laboratory Conditions.- 3.10. Developmental Stages of the Vegetative Buds of Obelia loveni.- 3.11. Developmental Stages of the Vegetative Buds of Dynamena pumila.- References.- 4 The Sludgeworm Tubifex.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Taxonomy and Distribution.- 4.3. Ecology and Culture.- 4.4. Reproduction.- 4.5. Gametes and Fertilization.- 4.6. Culture of Embryos.- 4.7. Normal Development.- 4.8. Description of Stages.- References.- 5 The Common Pond Snail Lymnaea stagnalis.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Taxonomy and Distribution.- 5.3. Ecology and Culture.- 5.4. Reproduction and Stimulation of Oviposition.- 5.5. Gametes.- 5.5.1. Eggs.- 5.5.2. Spermatozoa.- 5.6. Culture of Embryos.- 5.7. Rate of Development and Its Dependence on Temperature.- 5.8. Normal Development.- 5.9. Description of Stages of Normal Development.- References.- 6 The Midge Chironomus thummi.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. Taxonomy and Distribution.- 6.3. Reproductive Biology and the Main Features of the Life Cycle.- 6.4. Culture.- 6.5. Normal Development.- 6.6. Characteristic Features of the Larval Instars.- 6.6.1. Gonads.- 6.6.2. Salivary Glands.- 6.7. Prepupa and Pupa.- 6.7.1. Prepupa.- 6.7.2. Pupa.- References.- 7 The Fruit Fly Drosophila.- 7.1. Introduction.- 7.2. Taxonomy.- 7.3. Distribution and Collection.- 7.4. Manipulation and Culture.- 7.4.1. Anesthetization.- 7.4.2. Inspection of Flies.- 7.4.3. Nutrient Medium.- 7.4.4. Temperature.- 7.5. Sexual Dimorphism and Culturing.- 7.6. Gametogenesis.- 7.6.1. Spermatogenesis.- 7.6.2. Mature Spermatozoon.- 7.6.3. Oogenesis.- 7.6.4. The Egg.- 7.7. Fertilization.- 7.7.1. Oviposition.- 7.7.2. Collecting Eggs.- 7.8. Normal Development.- 7.8.1. Embryonic Development.- 7.8.2. Postembryonic Development.- References.- 8 The Honeybee Apis mellifera L..- 8.1. Introduction.- 8.2. Taxonomy and the Number of Chromosomes.- 8.3. Castes and Colony Development.- 8.3.1. The Queen.- 8.3.2. Worker Bees.- 8.3.3. Common (Haploid) Drones.- 8.3.4. Diploid Drones.- 8.3.5. Living Conditions in the Beehive: Cell and Honeycomb.- 8.3.6. Colony and Individual.- 8.3.7. The Annual Cycle of Colony Development: Basics of Care.- 8.4. Gametes.- 8.4.1. Structure of Eggs.- 8.4.2. Structure of Spermatozoa and Method of Collection.- 8.5. Fertilization, Artificial Insemination, and Mosaicism.- 8.5.1. Fertilization.- 8.5.2. Artificial Insemination.- 8.5.3. Mosaics and Gynandromorphs.- 8.6. Obtaining and Incubating Developing Eggs.- 8.7. Normal Embryonic Development.- 8.8. Larval Development.- 8.9. The Prepupa and Pupa of the Worker Bee.- References.- 9 The Silkworm Bombyx mori.- 9.1. Introduction.- 9.2. Taxonomy and Distribution.- 9.3. Life Cycle and the Gene Pool.- 9.4. Culture.- 9.4.1. Obtaining Synchronously Developing Eggs.- 9.4.2. Larvae and Pupae.- 9.4.3. Adults.- 9.4.4. Sexual Dimorphism.- 9.5. Gametes, Insemination, Fertilization, and Parthenogenesis.- 9.6. Stages of Normal Embryonic Development.- 9.7. Stages of Normal Post-Embryonic Development.- References.- 10 The Sea Urchins Strongylocentrotus dröbachiensis, S. nudus, and S. intermedius.- 10.1. Introduction.- 10.2. Taxonomic Distribution and Conditions of Spawning.- 10.2.1. S. dröbachiensis.- 10.2.2. S. nudus.- 10.2.3. S. intermedius.- 10.3. Transportation and Care of Adult Animals.- 10.4. Obtaining Mature Gametes and Immature Oocytes.- 10.4.1. Obtaining Oocytes.- 10.5. Structure of the Egg.- 10.6. Artificial Fertilization.- 10.6.1. Some Practical Recommendations.- 10.7. Incubation of Embryos.- 10.7.1. Further Recommendations.- 10.8. Normal Development.- 10.8.1. General Characteristics.- 10.8.2. Description of Stages.- 10.9. Typical Developmental Defects.- 10.10. Some Experimental Models.- 10.10.1. Eggs and Embryos without the Vitelline Membrane.- 10.10.2. Activated Eggs.- 10.10.3. Embryos without the Hyaline Layer.- 10.10.4. Disaggregated Cells of Embryos and Larvae.- 10.10.5. Dwarf and Twin Embryos.- 10.10.6 Stratified and Fragmented Eggs and Embryos.- 10.10.7. Animalized Embryos.- 10.10.8. Removal and Regeneration of Cilia.- References.- 11 The Starfish Asterina pectinifera (Müller et Troschel, 1842).- 11.1. Introduction.- 11.2. Taxonomic Status, Distribution, and Breeding in Nature.- 11.3. Transport and Keeping Adults in Captivity.- 11.4. Sex Identification, Obtaining of Gametes, and Artificial Fertilization.- 11.5. Egg Structure, Removal of Egg Envelopes, and Isolation of Germinal Vesicles.- 11.6. Incubation of Embryos.- 11.7. Rearing of Larvae.- 11.8. Development of Embryos and Larvae.- References.