Modern Spain – 1808 to the Present

<p>List of Maps xi</p>
<p>Preface xii</p>
<p>Acknowledgments xvi</p>
<p>Abbreviations and Glossary of Foreign Terms xviii</p>
<p>Political Chronology of Spanish History, 1808 2016 xxii</p>
<p>Part I: 1808 1868: The Era of the Liberal Revolution 1</p>
<p>1 Spain in&nbsp;the&nbsp; Age of&nbsp;Revolutions 3</p>
<p>Spain in&nbsp;Europe and&nbsp;the&nbsp;World, 1780s 1820 4</p>
<p>A Snapshot of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Economy: Gradual Growth 7</p>
<p>Uneven Regional Development: Center/Periphery Divide 10</p>
<p>The Mediterranean Regional Network 10</p>
<p>The North Atlantic Regional Network 11</p>
<p>Regional Networks of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Center 12</p>
<p>Demography: A&nbsp;Growth Pattern 14</p>
<p>Characteristics of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Population: Occupation and&nbsp;Social Structure 15</p>
<p>Culture and&nbsp;Community 18</p>
<p>Political Crisis, 1808 1814 20</p>
<p>Dynastic Crisis 20</p>
<p>War and&nbsp;Resistance 21</p>
<p>The Cortes of C&aacute;diz and&nbsp;the&nbsp;Constitution of&nbsp;1812 22</p>
<p>A Spanish Constitutional Culture 23</p>
<p>The End of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Revolutionary Era 25</p>
<p>Conclusion 26</p>
<p>2 Political Transformation: From the&nbsp;Old Regime to&nbsp;the&nbsp;Liberal State, 1814 1868 28</p>
<p>Introduction: The&nbsp;Liberal Revolution in&nbsp;Comparative Context 28</p>
<p>The Major Players 31</p>
<p>Moderate and&nbsp;Progressive Parties 31</p>
<p>The Military and&nbsp;Pronunciamientos 32</p>
<p>The Crown 32</p>
<p>Popular/Local Mobilization 33</p>
<p>Counter ]revolution: Carlists 33</p>
<p>The Catholic Church 34</p>
<p>Chronology: From&nbsp;the&nbsp;Restoration of&nbsp;Absolutism to&nbsp;the&nbsp;Construction&nbsp;and&nbsp;Crisis of&nbsp;the Liberal State, 1814 1868 35</p>
<p>1814 1833: The&nbsp;Restoration and&nbsp;Demise of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Absolutist State 35</p>
<p>Restoration of&nbsp;Absolutism, 1814 1820 35</p>
<p>The Liberal Trienio, 1820 23 36</p>
<p>Return to&nbsp;Absolutism, 1823 34 38</p>
<p>1833 1845: The&nbsp;Construction of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Liberal State 39</p>
<p>The Carlist War 39</p>
<p>Moderate and&nbsp;Progressive Constitutions and&nbsp;Platforms 40</p>
<p>The Parameters of&nbsp;a&nbsp;Liberal Political, Juridical and&nbsp;Administrative&nbsp;Order,&nbsp;1833 45 42</p>
<p>1845 1868: The&nbsp;Liberal State: From&nbsp;Consolidation to&nbsp;Crisis 44</p>
<p>Conclusion: Achievements and&nbsp;Limits of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Liberal Political&nbsp;Transformation 45</p>
<p>Part II: 1868 1923: The Emergence of Mass Politics 49</p>
<p>3 Politics on&nbsp;the&nbsp;Margins of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Liberal State: From 1848 to&nbsp;the&nbsp; Sexenio (1868 1874) 51</p>
<p>Introduction: Mid ]Nineteenth ]century Popular Politics in&nbsp;Comparative&nbsp;Perspective 51</p>
<p>The Major Players 54</p>
<p>Carlists 54</p>
<p>Cuban Separatists 55</p>
<p>Democrats and&nbsp;Republicans 56</p>
<p>The Labor Movement and&nbsp;the&nbsp;First International 58</p>
<p>The First Democracy: The&nbsp;Sexenio, 1868 1874 60</p>
<p>The September 1868 Revolution 60</p>
<p>The Democratic Monarchy (June 1869 February 1873) 61</p>
<p>The Republic (February 12, 1873 January 4, 1874) 63</p>
<p>Conclusion 65</p>
<p>4 A New Era of&nbsp;Liberal Politics: The Second Restoration, 1875 1898 67</p>
<p>The Restoration in&nbsp;Comparative Context: State,</p>
<p>Nation,&nbsp;Empire&nbsp;and&nbsp;Democracy 68</p>
<p>The Multiple Faces of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Restoration Regime 71</p>
<p>Constructing a&nbsp;New Constitutional Regime: Antonio C&aacute;novas del&nbsp;Castillo&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;turno pac&iacute;fico 71</p>
<p>The Dark Side of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Turno: Electoral Fraud and&nbsp;Caciquismo 74</p>
<p>Evaluating the&nbsp;Constraints and&nbsp;Opportunities of&nbsp;Restoration Politics 75</p>
<p>Constraints on&nbsp;Political Liberties Imposed by the&nbsp;State 75</p>
<p>Political Constraints and&nbsp;Opportunities: The&nbsp;View From Below 77</p>
<p>The Disaster of&nbsp;1898: The&nbsp;Start of&nbsp;a&nbsp;New Era? 80</p>
<p>5 Restoration Politics: From Fin de Si&egrave;cle to&nbsp;Postwar Crisis, 1898 1923 83</p>
<p>Introduction: Early Twentieth ]Century Spanish Politics in&nbsp;Comparative&nbsp;Context 83</p>
<p>1898 1914: Efforts to&nbsp;Reform the&nbsp;Regime From Above 85</p>
<p>The Conservative Party and&nbsp;Antonio Maura 86</p>
<p>The Liberal Party and&nbsp;Jos&eacute; Canalejas 87</p>
<p>1914 23: From&nbsp;Elite Reform to&nbsp;Mass Mobilization: Alternative Political Projects 90</p>
<p>The First World War in&nbsp;Spain 90</p>
<p>From the Turno to Fragmentation of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Liberal and Conservative Parties, 1913 23 91</p>
<p>Movements on&nbsp;the&nbsp;Right 92</p>
<p>Catholic Mobilization 92</p>
<p>Basque Nationalism (PNV/CNV) 93</p>
<p>Mauristas/Spanish Nationalism 94</p>
<p>Movements on&nbsp;the&nbsp;Left 95</p>
<p>Socialists (PSOE/UGT) 95</p>
<p>Anarcho ]syndicalists (CNT) 96</p>
<p>Movements of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Center 97</p>
<p>Republicanism 97</p>
<p>Catalanism/LLiga 98</p>
<p>Turning Points in&nbsp;the&nbsp;Crisis of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Restoration, 1917 23 99</p>
<p>The Democratic Assembly Movement, 1917 100</p>
<p>The La Canadiense Strike, 1919 101</p>
<p>A Last Effort at Reform From Above, 1920 23? 102</p>
<p>Conclusion 103</p>
<p>Part III: The Long View: Social, Economic and Cultural Change, 1830 1930 105</p>
<p>6 Economic and&nbsp;Demographic Evolution: 1830 1930 107</p>
<p>Spain in&nbsp;the&nbsp;World Economy, 1830 1930 108</p>
<p>General Economic and&nbsp;Population Trends: Gradual Growth and&nbsp;Structural Evolution 110</p>
<p>The Agricultural Sector 113</p>
<p>The Industrial Sector 115</p>
<p>Uneven Regional Development: Center/Periphery Divide 118</p>
<p>Conclusion: Missed Opportunities or Inherent Constraints? 120</p>
<p>7 Culture and&nbsp;Society, 1830 1930 122</p>
<p>Introduction: Social and&nbsp;Cultural Evolution in&nbsp;Comparative Perspective 122</p>
<p>The Social Order: Evolution and&nbsp;Diversity 124</p>
<p>A Hybrid Elite 125</p>
<p>The Urban Middle Classes 126</p>
<p>The Popular Classes or el pueblo 127</p>
<p>Rural Society 128</p>
<p>Sociability and&nbsp;Identity: A&nbsp;Diverse and&nbsp;Evolving Cultural Landscape 129</p>
<p>A New Urban Culture: Encoding Social Hierarchy in&nbsp;the&nbsp;Public Sphere 130</p>
<p>On the&nbsp;Margins of&nbsp;Middle Class Culture: The&nbsp;Avant ]Garde and&nbsp;the&nbsp;Modern Woman 133</p>
<p>Urban Popular Sociability and&nbsp;Mass Culture 134</p>
<p>The Catholic Church, Religion and&nbsp;Rural Society 136</p>
<p>Local, Regional and&nbsp;National Cultures and&nbsp;Identities 139</p>
<p>Conclusion 142</p>
<p>Part IV: Dictatorship and Democracy, 1923 Present 143</p>
<p>8 The First Dictatorship: The Primo de Rivera Regime, 1923 1930 145</p>
<p>Introduction: The&nbsp;Primo Regime in&nbsp;Comparative Perspective 145</p>
<p>From Coup to&nbsp; Temporary Dictatorship, 1923 1925 148</p>
<p>Elements of&nbsp;a&nbsp;New Kind of&nbsp;Dictatorship: The&nbsp;Civil Directory, 1925 1929 149</p>
<p>Labor Relations 150</p>
<p>Nationalization Campaigns 151</p>
<p>Authoritarian Development 153</p>
<p>End of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Dictatorship, 1929 1930 154</p>
<p>Political Transition to&nbsp;a&nbsp;Republic, 1930 1931 155</p>
<p>Conclusion 156</p>
<p>9 The Second Republic: 1931 1936 158</p>
<p>The Second Republic in&nbsp;Comparative Perspective 159</p>
<p>Periodization: The&nbsp;Shifting Majority Coalitions of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Second Republic 161</p>
<p>The First Biennium (1931 1933): Pursuing a&nbsp;Center/Left Majority Coalition 164</p>
<p>What Went Wrong with&nbsp;the&nbsp;First Biennium? 167</p>
<p>Mobilizing against the&nbsp;Coalition 167</p>
<p>A Disintegrating Majority Coalition 169</p>
<p>The Second Biennium, 1933 1935: Pursuing a&nbsp;Center/Right&nbsp;Majority&nbsp;Coalition 173</p>
<p>What Went Wrong with&nbsp;the&nbsp;Second Biennium? 175</p>
<p>Mobilizing against the&nbsp;Coalition 176</p>
<p>An Unconsolidated Majority Coalition 178</p>
<p>The Popular Front, February July 1936 180</p>
<p>What Went Wrong with&nbsp;the&nbsp;Popular Front? 181</p>
<p>Conclusion 182</p>
<p>10 The Civil War: 1936 1939 184</p>
<p>The Civil War in&nbsp;Comparative Perspective 185</p>
<p>From Military Coup to&nbsp;Civil War: The&nbsp;Summer of&nbsp;1936 187</p>
<p>The Rebel Forces in&nbsp;the&nbsp;Summer of&nbsp;1936 188</p>
<p>Ideology and&nbsp;Violence in&nbsp;Rebel Territory 190</p>
<p>The Loyalist Forces during the&nbsp;Summer of&nbsp;1936 191</p>
<p>Revolution in&nbsp;Republican Territory 191</p>
<p>Violence in&nbsp;Republican Territory 194</p>
<p>Organizing for&nbsp;the&nbsp;Long War: The&nbsp;Republicans 195</p>
<p>Foreign Aid 196</p>
<p>Reconstructing a&nbsp;Republican State 198</p>
<p>Organizing for&nbsp;the&nbsp;Long War: The&nbsp;Nationalists 201</p>
<p>Constructing a&nbsp; New State 201</p>
<p>Foreign Aid 203</p>
<p>The Military Stages of&nbsp;the&nbsp;War 204</p>
<p>Conclusion 207</p>
<p>11 The Second Dictatorship: The&nbsp;Franco Regime, 1939 1976 209</p>
<p>The Franco Regime in&nbsp;Comparative Perspective 210</p>
<p>Periodization: The&nbsp;Stages of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Franco Dictatorship 212</p>
<p>Phase One, 1936 1945: Militarization, Fascist Influence and&nbsp;Extreme&nbsp;Repression 214</p>
<p>Phase II, 1945 1957: National Catholicism, Monarchist Restoration&nbsp;and&nbsp;International Integration 218</p>
<p>Phase III, 1957 1969: Authoritarian Development and&nbsp;Institutionalization 221</p>
<p>Phase IV, 1969 1975: Collapse of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Coalition and&nbsp;Death of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Dictator 227</p>
<p>Conclusion 229</p>
<p>12 Economic, Social and Cultural Transformation, 1930s 1970s 230</p>
<p>Economy, Society and&nbsp;Culture in&nbsp;Comparative Perspective 230</p>
<p>Economic and&nbsp;Demographic Trends 232</p>
<p>The Years of&nbsp;Hunger : Deprivation, Disease and&nbsp;Death in&nbsp;the&nbsp;1940s 232</p>
<p>From Economic Stagnation to&nbsp;Rapid Growth: 1950s 1970s 234</p>
<p>Structural shift from&nbsp;Agriculture to&nbsp;Industry and&nbsp;Service Sectors 235</p>
<p>Consumption and&nbsp;Population Trends 236</p>
<p>Uneven Benefits 237</p>
<p>Social and&nbsp;Cultural Trends 238</p>
<p>Society and&nbsp;Culture in&nbsp;the&nbsp;Years of&nbsp;Hunger 239</p>
<p>Rupture and&nbsp;Restitution for&nbsp;Winners and&nbsp;Losers 239</p>
<p>Family and&nbsp;Gender 240</p>
<p>The Church, Religion and&nbsp;Education 241</p>
<p>The Public Sphere: Associations and&nbsp;Sociability 242</p>
<p>Social and&nbsp;Cultural Evolution in&nbsp;the&nbsp;Growth Years: 1960s 1970s 244</p>
<p>Migration and&nbsp;Social Mobility 244</p>
<p>Diversification of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Public Sphere 245</p>
<p>The Decline of&nbsp; Tradition : Youth, Gender and&nbsp;Religion 247</p>
<p>Conclusion 248</p>
<p>13 The Last Democratic Transition: 1976 1982 250</p>
<p>The Transition to&nbsp;Democracy in&nbsp;Comparative Perspective 251</p>
<p>Origins of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Transition: Favorable Factors vs. the&nbsp;1930s 252</p>
<p>Economic Development 252</p>
<p>Geographic Location: Western Europe 252</p>
<p>Civil Society Mobilization 253</p>
<p>Francoist Elites: Reformers and&nbsp;the&nbsp;Bunker 254</p>
<p>The Institutional Transition: July 1976 December 1978 254</p>
<p>Elite Actors and&nbsp;the&nbsp; Push from&nbsp;Below, 1976 77 255</p>
<p>The June 1977 Elections and&nbsp;Building Consensus Through Pacts 257</p>
<p>The Constitution of&nbsp;1978 259</p>
<p>The Basque Exception 261</p>
<p>From Transition to&nbsp;Consolidation, 1978 1982 261</p>
<p>Autonomous Governments 262</p>
<p>Local Governments 262</p>
<p>Leadership Crisis and&nbsp;Attempted Coup, 1981 263</p>
<p>The 1982 Election 264</p>
<p>Conclusion 265</p>
<p>14 Democratic State and&nbsp;Social Transformation, 1982 2016 266</p>
<p>The Democratic Era in&nbsp;Comparative Perspective 266</p>
<p>Democratic government under PSOE leadership: 1982 1996 270</p>
<p>Institutionalization and&nbsp;European Integration 270</p>
<p>Neo ]Liberalism and&nbsp;Social Welfare 272</p>
<p>The End of&nbsp;the&nbsp;PSOE Era 273</p>
<p>From Consolidation to&nbsp;Crispaci&oacute;n: PP and&nbsp;PSOE alternation from&nbsp;1996 to&nbsp;2011 274</p>
<p>Political Polarization 275</p>
<p>State/Regional Polarization 277</p>
<p>Democratic Society 277</p>
<p>2008 2016: Crisis and&nbsp;Uncertainty 278</p>
<p>Conclusion 280</p>
<p>Notes 282</p>
<p>Works Cited 314</p>
<p>Index 336</p>