Electrical Safety Handbook

Foreword <br/> Preface <br/> Acknowledgments <br/> Chapter 1. Hazards of Electricity <br/> Introduction <br/> Hazard Analysis <br/> Shock <br/> Description <br/> Influencing Factors <br/> Arc <br/> Definition and Description <br/> Arc Energy Release <br/> Arc Energy <br/> Arc Energy Input <br/> Arcing Voltage <br/> Arc Surface Area <br/> Incident Energy <br/> Arc Burns <br/> Blast <br/> Affected Body Parts <br/> General <br/> Skin <br/> The Nervous System <br/> Muscular System <br/> The Heart <br/> The Pulmonary System <br/> Summary of Causes—Injury and Death <br/> Shock Effect <br/> Arc-Flash Effect <br/> Causes of Injury <br/> Causes of Death <br/> Protective Strategies <br/> References <br/> Chapter 2. Basic Physics of Electrical Hazards <br/> Introduction <br/> Electromagnetism <br/> Introduction <br/> The Four Fundamental Forces (Interactions) of Nature <br/> The Electromagnetic Spectrum <br/> Electrical Properties of Materials <br/> Conductors <br/> Nonconductors <br/> Physics Considerations in Electrical Fault Conditions <br/> Risks <br/> Bolted Fault <br/> Arcing Fault <br/> Review of Foundational Approaches to Interpreting Arcing Phenomena <br/> Summary <br/> References <br/> Chapter 3. Electrical Safety Equipment <br/> Introduction <br/> General Inspection and Testing Requirements for Electrical Safety Equipment <br/> Arc-Flash and Thermal Protection <br/> A Note on When to Use Thermal Protective Clothing <br/> Thermal Performance Evaluation <br/> Clothing Materials <br/> Non-Arc-Rated Materials <br/> Arc-Rated Materials <br/> Work Clothing <br/> Arc-Flash Suits <br/> Head, Eye, and Hand Protection <br/> Head and Eye Protection <br/> Hard Hats <br/> Safety Glasses, Goggles, and Face Shields <br/> Rubber Insulating Equipment <br/> Rubber Gloves <br/> Rubber Mats <br/> Rubber Blankets <br/> Rubber Covers <br/> Line Hose <br/> Rubber Sleeves <br/> In-Service Inspection and Periodic Testing of Rubber Goods <br/> Hot Sticks <br/> Description and Application <br/> When to Use <br/> How to Use <br/> Testing Requirements <br/> Insulated Tools <br/> Description and Application <br/> When to Use <br/> How to Use and Care For <br/> Barriers and Signs <br/> Barrier Tape <br/> Signs <br/> When and How to Use <br/> Safety Tags, Locks, and Locking Devices <br/> Safety Tags <br/> Locks and Multiple-Lock Devices <br/> Locking Devices <br/> When and Where to Use Lockout-Tagout <br/> Voltage-Measuring Instruments <br/> Safety Voltage Measurement <br/> Proximity Testers <br/> Contact Testers <br/> Selecting Voltage-Measuring Instruments <br/> Instrument Condition <br/> Low-Voltage Voltmeter Safety Standards <br/> Three-Step Voltage Measurement Process <br/> General Considerations for Low-Voltage Measuring Instruments <br/> Safety Grounding Equipment <br/> The Need for Safety Grounding <br/> Safety Grounding Switches <br/> Safety Grounding Jumpers <br/> Selecting Safety Grounding Jumpers <br/> Installation and Location <br/> Ground-Fault Circuit-Interrupters <br/> Operating Principles <br/> Applications <br/> Arc-Fault Circuit-Interrupters <br/> Safety Electrical One-Line Diagram <br/> The Electrician’s Safety Kit <br/> References <br/> Chapter 4. Safety Procedures and Methods <br/> Introduction <br/> Electrical Hazard Risk Assessments <br/> Working While Exposed to Electrical Hazards <br/> The Six-Step Safety Method <br/> Think—Be Aware <br/> Understand Your Procedures <br/> Follow Your Procedures <br/> Use Appropriate Safety Equipment <br/> Ask If You Are Unsure, and Do Not Assume <br/> Do Not Answer If You Do Not Know <br/> Job Briefings <br/> Definition <br/> What Should Be Included? <br/> When Should Job Briefings Be Held? <br/> Energized or De-Energized? <br/> The Fundamental Rules <br/> A Hot-Work Decision Tree <br/> After the Decision Is Made <br/> Safe Switching of Power Systems <br/> Introduction <br/> Remote Operation <br/> Operating Medium-Voltage Switchgear <br/> Operating Low-Voltage Switchgear <br/> Operating Molded-Case Breakers and Panelboards <br/> Operating Enclosed Switches and Disconnects <br/> Operating Open-Air Disconnects <br/> Operating Motor Starters <br/> Energy Control Programs <br/> General Energy Control Programs <br/> Specific Energy Control Programs <br/> Basic Energy Control Rules <br/> Lockout-Tagout <br/> Definition and Description <br/> When to Use Locks and Tags <br/> Locks without Tags or Tags without Locks <br/> Rules for Using Locks and Tags <br/> Responsibilities of Employees <br/> Sequence <br/> Lock and Tag Application <br/> Isolation Verification <br/> Removal of Locks and Tags <br/> Safety Ground Application <br/> Control Transfer <br/> Nonemployees and Contractors <br/> Lockout-Tagout Training <br/> Procedural Reviews <br/> Voltage-Measurement Techniques <br/> Purpose <br/> Instrument Selection <br/> Instrument Condition <br/> Three-Step Measurement Process <br/> What to Measure <br/> How to Measure <br/> Placement of Safety Grounds <br/> Safety Grounding Principles <br/> Safety Grounding Location <br/> Application of Safety Grounds <br/> The Equipotential Zone <br/> Removal of Safety Grounds <br/> Control of Safety Grounds <br/> Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations and Approach Distances <br/> Introduction <br/> Approach Distance Definitions <br/> Determining Shock Hazard Approach Distances <br/> Calculating the Arc-Flash Hazard Minimum Approach Distance (Arc-Flash Protection Boundary) <br/> Calculating the Required Level of Arc Protection (Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations) <br/> Introduction <br/> The Lee Method <br/> Methods Outlined in NFPA 70E <br/> IEEE Std 1584-2018 <br/> Software Solutions <br/> Required PPE for Crossing the Arc-Flash Hazard Boundary <br/> A Simplified Approach to the Selection of Protective Clothing <br/> Barriers and Warning Signs <br/> Illumination <br/> Conductive Clothing and Materials <br/> Confined Work Spaces <br/> Tools and Test Equipment <br/> General <br/> Authorized Users <br/> Visual Inspections <br/> Electrical Tests <br/> Wet and Hazardous Environments <br/> Field Marking of Potential Hazards <br/> The One-Minute Safety Audit <br/> References <br/> Chapter 5. Grounding and Bonding of Electrical Systems and Equipment <br/> Introduction <br/> Electric Shock Hazard <br/> General Requirements for Grounding and Bonding <br/> Grounding of Electrical Systems <br/> Grounding of Electrical Equipment <br/> Bonding of Electrically Conductive Materials and Other Equipment <br/> Performance of Fault Path <br/> Arrangement to Prevent Objectionable Current <br/> Alterations to Stop Objectionable Current <br/> Temporary Currents Not Classified as Objectionable Current <br/> Connection of Grounding and Bonding Equipment <br/> Protection of Ground Clamps and Fittings <br/> Clean Surfaces <br/> System Grounding <br/> Purposes of System Grounding <br/> Grounding Service-Supplied Alternating-Current Systems <br/> Conductors to Be Grounded—Alternating-Current Systems <br/> Main Bonding Jumper <br/> Grounding Electrode System <br/> Grounding Electrode System Resistance <br/> Grounding Electrode Conductor <br/> Grounding Conductor Connection to Electrodes <br/> Bonding <br/> Equipment Grounding <br/> Equipment to Be Grounded <br/> Grounding Cord- and Plug-Connected Equipment <br/> Equipment Grounding Conductors <br/> Sizing Equipment Grounding Conductors <br/> Use of Grounded Circuit Conductor for Grounding Equipment <br/> Ferroresonance <br/> Summary <br/> Chapter 6. Electrical Maintenance and Its Relationship to Safety <br/> Introduction <br/> The Safety-Related Case for Electrical Maintenance <br/> Overview <br/> Regulatory <br/> Relationship of Improperly Maintained Electrical Equipment to the Hazards of Electricity <br/> Maintenance and the Potential Impact on an Electrical Arc-Flash <br/> Hazards Associated with Electrical Maintenance <br/> The Economic Case for Electrical Maintenance <br/> Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM) <br/> What Is Reliability-Centered Maintenance? <br/> A Brief History of RCM <br/> RCM in the Industrial and Utility Arena <br/> The Primary RCM Principles <br/> Failure <br/> Maintenance Actions in an RCM Program <br/> Impact of RCM on a Facilities Life Cycle <br/> Conclusion <br/> The Eight-Step Maintenance Program <br/> Introduction <br/> Step 1—Plan <br/> Step 2—Inspect <br/> Step 3—Clean <br/> Step 4—Tighten <br/> Step 5—Lubricate <br/> Step 6—Test <br/> Step 7—Record <br/> Step 8—Evaluate <br/> Summary <br/> Frequency of Maintenance <br/> Determining Testing Intervals <br/> Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM) <br/> Introduction <br/> The Elements of CBM <br/> Data Analysis Methods for CBM <br/> Maintenance Requirements for Specific Equipment and Locations <br/> General Maintenance Requirements <br/> Substations, Switchgear, Panelboards, Motor Control Centers, and Disconnect Switches <br/> Fuse Maintenance Requirements <br/> Molded-Case Circuit Breakers <br/> Low-Voltage Power Circuit Breakers <br/> Medium-Voltage Circuit Breakers <br/> Protective Relays <br/> Rotating Equipment <br/> Portable Electric Tools and Equipment <br/> Personal Safety and Protective Equipment <br/> Electrical Safety by Design <br/> Introduction <br/> Including Safety in Engineering Design Criteria <br/> Improved Engineering Standards <br/> Conclusion <br/> References <br/> Chapter 7. Regulatory and Legal Safety Requirements and Standards <br/> Introduction <br/> The Regulatory Bodies <br/> International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) <br/> American National Standards Institute (ANSI) <br/> Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) <br/> National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) <br/> American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) <br/> American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE) <br/> Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) <br/> Other Electrical Safety Organizations <br/> The National Electrical Safety Code (NESC)—IEEE C-2 <br/> General Description <br/> Industries and Facilities Covered <br/> Technical and Safety Items Cov
ered <br/> The National Electrical Code (NEC)—NFPA 70 <br/> General Description <br/> Industries and Facilities Covered <br/> Technical and Safety Items Covered <br/> Electrical Equipment Maintenance—NFPA 70B <br/> General Description <br/> Industries and Facilities Covered <br/> Technical and Safety Items Covered <br/> Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace—NFPA 70E <br/> General Description <br/> Industries and Facilities Covered <br/> Technical and Safety Items Covered <br/> American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standards <br/> Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Standards <br/> Overview <br/> General Industry <br/> Construction Industry <br/> Chapter 8. Accident Prevention, Accident Investigation, Rescue, and First Aid <br/> Introduction <br/> Accident Prevention <br/> Individual Responsibility <br/> Installation Safety <br/> Power System Studies <br/> First Aid <br/> General First Aid <br/> Resuscitation (Artificial Respiration) <br/> Heart-Lung Resuscitation <br/> Automated External Defibrillator (AED) <br/> How an AED Works <br/> When Should an AED Be Used? <br/> How to Use an Automated External Defibrillator <br/> What Risks Are Associated with Using an Automated External Defibrillator? <br/> Key Points about Automated External Defibrillators <br/> Rescue Techniques <br/> General Rescue Procedures <br/> Elevated Rescue <br/> Confined-Space Rescue <br/> Ground-Level Rescue <br/> Accident Investigation <br/> Purpose <br/> General Rules <br/> Data Gathering <br/> Accident Analysis <br/> Chapter 9. Medical Aspects of Electrical Trauma <br/> Introduction <br/> Statistical Survey <br/> Nonoccupational Electrical Trauma <br/> Electrical Events <br/> Electrocution and Electrical Fatalities <br/> Medical Aspects <br/> Nonelectrical Effects in Electrical Events <br/> Survivor Experience <br/> Worker Reflexes <br/> Triage and Medical Evacuation <br/> Medical and Surgical Intervention <br/> Hospitalization Experience <br/> Outpatient Care <br/> Rehabilitation Focus and Return to Work Planning <br/> Reentry to Employment Settings <br/> Plateau in Recovery <br/> References <br/> Chapter 10. Low-Voltage Safety Synopsis <br/> Introduction <br/> Low-Voltage Equipment <br/> Extension Cords <br/> Electric Hand Tools <br/> Current Transformers <br/> Grounding Low-Voltage Systems <br/> What Is a Ground? <br/> Bonding versus Grounding <br/> Voltage Hazards <br/> System Grounds <br/> Equipment Grounds <br/> Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters <br/> Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupters <br/> Safety Equipment <br/> Overview <br/> Hard Hats <br/> Eye Protection <br/> Arc Protection <br/> Rubber Insulating Equipment <br/> Voltage-Testing Devices <br/> Safety Procedures <br/> General <br/> Approach Distances <br/> Voltage Measurement <br/> Locking and Tagging <br/> Closing Protective Devices After Operation <br/> Electrical Safety Around Electronic Circuits <br/> The Nature of the Hazard <br/> Special Safety Precautions <br/> Stationary Battery Safety <br/> Introduction <br/> Basic Battery Construction <br/> Safety Hazards of Stationary Batteries <br/> Battery Safety Procedures <br/> Electrical Hazards of the Home-Based Business <br/> Electrical Hazards in the Home <br/> Working Alone <br/> Working with Employees <br/> Evaluating Electrical Safety <br/> Electrical Safety Checklists <br/> Electrical Inspections by Professionals <br/> Chapter 11. Medium- and High-Voltage Safety Synopsis <br/> Introduction <br/> High-Voltage Equipment <br/> Current Transformers <br/> Grounding Systems of over 1000 V <br/> What Is a Ground? <br/> Bonding versus Grounding <br/> Voltage Hazards <br/> System Grounds <br/> Equipment Grounds <br/> Safety Equipment <br/> Overview <br/> Hard Hats <br/> Eye Protection <br/> Arc Protection <br/> Rubber Insulating Equipment <br/> Voltage-Testing Devices <br/> Safety Procedures <br/> General <br/> Approach Distances <br/> Voltage Measurement <br/> Locking and Tagging <br/> Closing Protective Devices after Operation <br/> Chapter 12. Human Factors in Electrical Safety <br/> Introduction <br/> Overview <br/> Defense in Depth <br/> Evolution of Human Factors <br/> Visualization <br/> Cognitive Ergonomics <br/> Summary <br/> References <br/> Recommended Readings <br/> Chapter 13. Safety Management and Organizational Structure <br/> Introduction <br/> Changing the Safety Culture <br/> Electrical Safety Program Structure <br/> Electrical Safety Program Development <br/> Company Electrical Safety Team <br/> Company Safety Policy <br/> Assessing the Need <br/> Problems and Solutions <br/> Program Implementation <br/> Examples <br/> Company Safety Procedures <br/> Results Assessment <br/> Employee Electrical Safety Teams <br/> Reason <br/> Method <br/> Safety Meetings <br/> Who Attends <br/> What Material Should Be Covered <br/> When Meetings Should Be Held <br/> Where Meetings Should Be Held <br/> How Long Meetings Should Be <br/> Evaluation of Safety Meetings <br/> Outage Reports <br/> Safety Audits <br/> Description <br/> Purposes <br/> Procedure <br/> The Audit Team <br/> Audit Tools <br/> Follow-Up <br/> Internal versus External Audits <br/> Chapter 14. Safety Training Methods and Systems <br/> Introduction <br/> Safety Training Definitions <br/> Training Myths <br/> Conclusion <br/> Comparison of the Four Most Commonly Used Methods of Adult Training <br/> Introduction <br/> Classroom Presentation <br/> Computer-Based Training (CBT) and Web-Based Training (WBT) <br/> Video Training <br/> Conclusion <br/> Elements of a Good Training Program <br/> Element 1: Classroom Training <br/> Element 2: On-the-Job Training (OJT) <br/> Element 3: Self-Training <br/> Conclusion <br/> On-the-Job Training <br/> Setup <br/> Implementation <br/> Evaluation <br/> Conclusion <br/> Training Consultants and Vendors <br/> Canned Programs and Materials <br/> Tailored Programs <br/> Training Analysis <br/> Evaluating Training Vendors and Consultants <br/> Conclusion <br/> Training Program Setup—A Step-by-Step Method <br/> Introduction <br/> Background <br/> A Plan <br/> Analyze <br/> Design <br/> Develop <br/> Implement <br/> Evaluate <br/> Modify <br/> Glossary <br/> Index