ISE Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy: A Laboratory Dissection Guide

1&nbsp; Introduction 1<br/>Classification and Comparison 1<br/>Defining the Chordates 1<br/>Chordate Characteristics 2<br/>Studying Advice 6<br/>Laboratory Strategy 6<br/>Designing for Students 6<br/>2&nbsp; Protochordates 8<br/>Protochordates 8<br/>Hemichordata 8<br/>Cephalochordata 10<br/>Urochordata (Tunicates) 16<br/>3&nbsp; Agnathans—Examination of a Basal Vertebrate: The Lamprey 18<br/>Agnathans 18<br/>Myxini—Hagfishes 18<br/>Petromyzoniformes—Lampreys 18<br/>The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates: Shifts in<br/>Feeding Mechanisms 20<br/>Adult Lamprey Anatomy 22<br/>External Anatomy 22<br/>Sagittal and Cross Sections 22<br/>Anatomy of the Lamprey (Ammocoete) Larva 27<br/>Whole Mount 27<br/>Cross Section through the Pharynx 28<br/>Cross Section through the Trunk 28<br/>4&nbsp; Vertebrate Integuments 29<br/>Introduction 29<br/>Dermis 29<br/>Epidermis 30<br/>Examination of Vertebrate Integuments 31<br/>Fishes 31<br/>Tetrapods 33<br/>Specializations of the Integument 37<br/>Nails, Claws, and Hooves 37<br/>Horns and Antlers 37<br/>Baleen 38<br/>5&nbsp; Skeletal Systems 40<br/>Tissues of the Skeletal System 40<br/>Cartilage 41<br/>Bone 42<br/>Divisions of the Skeletal System 43<br/>Postcranial Skeleton 43<br/>Vertebrae and Ribs 43<br/>Girdles and Limbs 52<br/>Skull 67<br/>Introduction 67<br/>The Composite Skull 67<br/>Cranial Skeleton 69<br/>Elasmobranchii—Shark 69<br/>Osteichthyes—Amia (Bowfin) 71<br/>Amphibia—Necturus 72<br/>Reptilia 72<br/>Aves 78<br/>Dorsal and Lateral Views 79<br/>Ventral and Posterior Views 80<br/>Sclerotic Ring and Hyoid 80<br/>Mammalia—Cat 80<br/>Teeth 84<br/>Tooth Anatomy 84<br/>Sharks—Homodont<br/>and Polyphyodont Teeth 84<br/>Amphibia/Salamander—Homodont and Polyphyodont Teeth 84<br/>Reptiles/Alligator—Homodont<br/>and Polyphyodont Teeth 85<br/>Mammal—Heterodont and Diphyodont Teeth 85<br/>Pattern of Evolutionary Change 86<br/>&nbsp;6&nbsp; Muscular Systems and External Anatomy 89<br/>Introduction 89<br/>Terminology 89<br/>Actions 90<br/>General Muscle Groups 90<br/>Dissection 90<br/>The Process 90<br/>General Safety Precautions 91<br/>External Anatomy 91<br/>Shark Dissection 91<br/>External Anatomy 91<br/>Skinning the Shark 92<br/>Musculature 92<br/>Necturus 100<br/>External Anatomy 100<br/>Dissection 100<br/>Musculature 100<br/>Cat 106<br/>External Anatomy 106<br/>Approach 106<br/>Musculature 107<br/>7&nbsp; Digestive Systems 132<br/>Introduction 132<br/>Shark 132<br/>Pleuroperitoneal Cavity 132<br/>Pericardial Cavity 137<br/>Necturus 137<br/>Pleuroperitoneal Cavity 137<br/>Pericardial Cavity 139<br/>Cat 139<br/>Salivary Glands 139<br/>Oral Cavity 140<br/>Structures of the Thoracic Region 142<br/>Abdomen 144<br/>8&nbsp; Circulatory and Respiratory Systems 147<br/>Introduction 147<br/>Respiratory System 147<br/>Circulatory System 147<br/>Shark 147<br/>Pericardial Cavity 147<br/>Respiratory System and Branchial Arteries 148<br/>Pleuroperitoneal Cavity 151<br/>Necturus 155<br/>The Heart, Branches of the Ventral Aorta, and Gills 155<br/>Dorsal Aorta and Lungs 157<br/>Hepatic Portal System 161<br/>Systemic Veins 161<br/>Cat 162<br/>Heart and Its Major Vessels 162<br/>Respiratory System 165<br/>Precava 168<br/>Dorsal Aorta 169<br/>Postcava 170<br/>Hepatic Portal System 172<br/>9&nbsp; Urogenital Systems 174<br/>Shark 174<br/>Male Urogenital System 174<br/>Female Urogenital System 176<br/>Necturus 179<br/>Male Urogenital System 179<br/>Female Urogenital System 181<br/>Cat 181<br/>Male Urogenital System 181<br/>Female Urogenital System 184<br/>10&nbsp; Nervous Systems 187<br/>Introduction 187<br/>Nerve Function 188<br/>Spinal Nerves 188<br/>Cranial Nerves 189<br/>Shark 192<br/>Dissection Procedure 192<br/>Brain (Dorsal Aspect) 193<br/>Cranial Nerves 193<br/>Brain (Ventral Aspect) 196<br/>Brain (Sagittal Aspect) 197<br/>Sheep Brain 197<br/>Overview—Whole Brain 197<br/>Cranial Nerves—Whole Brains<br/>(Figure 10.11) 202<br/>Brain Regions—Sagittal Sections<br/>(Figure 10.12) 202<br/>Brain Stem—Parts (Figure 10.13) 204<br/>Spinal Nerves 204<br/>Glossary 206<br/>Index 213<br/>Student Note Book 239<br/>Master List of Relevant Roots 388<br/><br><br/>