Materials, Chemicals and Methods for Dental Applic ations: Materials and Methods

<p>Preface v</p>
<p>1 Dental Materials 1</p>
<p>1.1 History 1</p>
<p>1.2 Properties 2</p>
<p>1.2.1 Acronyms for Compounds in Dental Com– pounds 2</p>
<p>1.2.2 Standards in Dentistry 2</p>
<p>1.2.3 Adhesion in Restorative Dentistry 11</p>
<p>1.2.4 Fracture Toughness 12</p>
<p>1.2.5 Biocompatibility of Dental Adhesives 12</p>
<p>1.2.6 Testing the Cytotoxicity 13</p>
<p>1.2.7 Degradation of Dental Polymers 14</p>
<p>1.2.8 E ect of Modulated Photoactivation on Poly– merization Shrinkage 15</p>
<p>1.2.9 Ceramics Versus Resin Composites 16</p>
<p>1.3 Materials 17</p>
<p>1.3.1 Provisional Restoratives 17</p>
<p>1.3.2 Restorative Material Kit 18</p>
<p>1.3.3 Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane 27</p>
<p>1.3.4 Fiber Reinforced Dental Composites 28</p>
<p>1.3.5 Polymer–Coated Glass Filler 29</p>
<p>1.3.6 Glass Ionomers 32</p>
<p>1.3.7 Bioactive Glass 36</p>
<p>1.3.8 Restorative Dental Glass Ceramics 38</p>
<p>1.3.9 Curable Acrylate Polymer Compositions&nbsp;&nbsp; . . . 39</p>
<p>1.3.10 Hydrophilic Polymer Sponge Structures 40</p>
<p>1.3.11 Hybrid Polymer Network Compositions for Artificial Teeth 42</p>
<p>1.3.12 Urethane Macromers 43</p>
<p>1.3.13 Catechol–Functionalized Polymer 43</p>
<p>1.3.14 High Refractive Index Monomers 44</p>
<p>1.3.15 Antibacterial Polymers for Dental Adhesives . 45</p>
<p>1.3.16 Chemical&nbsp; Composition&nbsp;&nbsp; of&nbsp;&nbsp; Contemporary Dental Adhesives 49</p>
<p>1.3.17 Nanostructured Antibacterial and Remineral–izing Dental Bonding Agents 50</p>
<p>1.3.18 Rechargeable Calcium Phosphate–Containing Dental Materials 51</p>
<p>1.3.19 Dental Alloys 53</p>
<p>1.3.20 Tooth Desensitizing Oral Care Compositions . 54</p>
<p>1.3.21 Commercially Available Compositions 55</p>
<p>1.4 Special Fabrication Methods 60</p>
<p>1.4.1 Photoinitiator System for Hybrid Polymers . . 60 1.4.2 Nanotechnology 61</p>
<p>1.4.3 Extensive Dark Curing 63</p>
<p>1.4.4 Oral Implantology 70</p>
<p>1.4.5 Dental Inlays 74</p>
<p>References 75</p>
<p>2 Implants 85</p>
<p>2.1 Dental Restoration Methods 86</p>
<p>2.2 Implant Designs 88</p>
<p>2.3 Dental Restoration Composition 89</p>
<p>2.3.1 Heparin 102</p>
<p>2.4 Hybrid Implants 103</p>
<p>2.4.1 Electrophoretically Prepared Hybrid Materials 104 2.5 CAD/CAM Implants 107</p>
<p>2.5.1 CAD/CAM Implant–Supported Crown 107</p>
<p>2.5.2 High–Density Polymer CAD/CAM Interim Restorations 109</p>
<p>2.5.3 Biocompatibility of Polymer–Infiltrated–Ce– ramic–Network 110</p>
<p>2.6 Powder Injection Molding 110</p>
<p>2.7 Composite Bone Grafts 112</p>
<p>2.8 Sphene Biocoating on cp–Ti Substrates 113</p>
<p>2.9 Cell–Material Interactions 114</p>
<p>2.9.1 Temperature Changes in One–Piece Implants . 114</p>
<p>2.10 Dental Implant with Porous Body 116</p>
<p>2.10.1 Porous Coatings 116</p>
<p>2.10.2 Porous Implant Material 117</p>
<p>2.11 Implant with a Polymeric Post 118</p>
<p>2.12 Short Dental Implants Versus Standard Dental Implants122</p>
<p>2.13 Adjustable Dental Implants 123</p>
<p>2.14 Materials for Implants 124</p>
<p>2.14.1 Poly(ether ether ketone) 124</p>
<p>2.14.2 Expandable Polymer Dental Implant 135</p>
<p>2.14.3 Endosseous Dental Implant Assembly 136</p>
<p>2.14.4 Titanium–Polymer Composites 138</p>
<p>2.14.5 Titanium Implant Functionalization with Phosphate–Containing Polymers 139</p>
<p>2.14.6 Zirconia Dental Implants 139</p>
<p>2.14.7 Shape–Memory Polymers 143</p>
<p>2.14.8 Tetracycline Polymer Nanofiber Modified Ti– tanium Disks 145</p>
<p>2.14.9 Biopolymers 146</p>
<p>References 150</p>
<p>3 Dentures 157</p>
<p>3.1 Properties 157</p>
<p>3.1.1 Plaque Index 157</p>
<p>3.1.2 Inhibition of Denture Plaque Deposition . . . 158 3.2 Materials 160</p>
<p>3.2.1 Longevity of Fiber Reinforced Composite . . . 160</p>
<p>3.2.2 Denture Tooth and Material 160</p>
<p>3.2.3 Fixed Partial Dentures Made from Fiber Rein– forced Polymer 163</p>
<p>3.2.4 Denture Adhesives 163</p>
<p>3.3 Fabrication Methods 171</p>
<p>3.3.1 Rapid Prototyping in Dentistry 171</p>
<p>3.3.2 Computer–Aided System 172</p>
<p>3.3.3 Two–Step Impression for Complete Denture Fabrication 173</p>
<p>3.3.4 Gingival Retraction Methods 173</p>
<p>References 174</p>
<p>4 Toothpaste Compositions 177</p>
<p>4.1 History 178</p>
<p>4.2 Ingredients for Toothpastes 179</p>
<p>4.2.1 Abrasive Materials 179</p>
<p>4.2.2 Fluoride 183</p>
<p>4.2.3 Detergents 184</p>
<p>4.2.4 Humectants 184</p>
<p>4.2.5 Thickeners 184</p>
<p>4.2.6 Sweeteners 184</p>
<p>4.2.7 Coloring Agents 192</p>
<p>4.2.8 Organic Antimicrobial Agents 192</p>
<p>4.2.9 Bad Breath Reduction Agents 198</p>
<p>4.2.10 Flavoring Agents 198</p>
<p>4.3 Compositions 198</p>
<p>4.3.1 Processes for Preparing Toothpaste Compositions 198</p>
<p>4.3.2 Non–fluorinated Compositions 205</p>
<p>4.3.3 Alkyl Sulfate and Orthophosphate Free Com– position 209</p>
<p>4.3.4 Thin Film Toothpaste Strip 213</p>
<p>4.3.5 Enamel Protectant and Repair Toothpaste . . . 214</p>
<p>4.3.6 Striped Toothpastes 215</p>
<p>4.3.7 Color Changing Compositions 218</p>
<p>4.3.8 Two Phase Toothpaste 220</p>
<p>4.3.9 Composition with Diamond Particles 221</p>
<p>4.3.10 Compositions with Improved Rheology 224</p>
<p>4.3.11 Toothpaste Composition with Improved Shelf Life 225</p>
<p>4.3.12 Bleach–Stable Toothpaste 229</p>
<p>4.3.13 Antibiotic Toothpaste 232</p>
<p>4.3.14 Compositions with Zinc Ions and&nbsp; Polyphos– phate Ions 234</p>
<p>4.3.15 Abradable Films 239</p>
<p>4.3.16 Silica Abrasive–Free Composition 239</p>
<p>4.3.17 Toothpaste with Bioadhesive Submicron Emulsion 239</p>
<p>4.3.18 Antiplaque Toothpaste Composition 242</p>
<p>4.3.19 Saponin 245</p>
<p>4.3.20 Foamable Fluoride Oral Care Composition . . 248</p>
<p>References 251</p>
<p>5 Mouth Rinses 257</p>
<p>5.1 Mouth Rinses with Hydrogen Peroxide 257</p>
<p>5.1.1 Enhanced Activity of Peroxides 258</p>
<p>5.1.2 Antiplaque Mouth Rinse 260</p>
<p>5.1.3 Method of Treating Mucositis 262</p>
<p>5.1.4 Formulations for Use with Toothbrush Delivery Device 263</p>
<p>5.1.5 Antibacterial Mouthwash 265</p>
<p>5.1.6 Prevention of Periodontal Diseases 266</p>
<p>5.1.7 Alcohol–Free Compositions 267</p>
<p>5.1.8 Dual Phase Mouthwash 269</p>
<p>5.1.9 Non–alcohol Bioactive Essential&nbsp; Oil&nbsp; Mouth Rinses 270</p>
<p>5.2 Properties 272</p>
<p>5.2.1 Periodontal Disease 272</p>
<p>5.2.2 Biological Activity of Antimicrobials 273</p>
<p>5.2.3 E ect on the Microhardness 274</p>
<p>5.2.4 E cacy of Chlorhexidine 275</p>
<p>5.2.5 Reduction of Breath Malodor 276</p>
<p>5.2.6 Oral Care Composition Containing Ionic Liquids 277</p>
<p>5.2.7 Composition with Propolis Extract 277</p>
<p>References 279</p>
<p>6 Toothbrushes and Dental Floss 281</p>
<p>6.1 Toothbrushes 281</p>
<p>6.1.1 History 281</p>
<p>6.1.2 Types of Toothbrushes 282</p>
<p>6.1.3 Portable Interdental Toothbrush 284</p>
<p>6.1.4 Tapered Bristle Filaments 285</p>
<p>6.1.5 Free–Moving Flexible Bristles 286</p>
<p>6.1.6 Full–Text Contour–Adjustable Toothbrush . . . 286</p>
<p>6.1.7 Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) Bristles . . . 287 6.2 Dental Floss 288</p>
<p>6.2.1 History 288</p>
<p>6.2.2 Poly(amide) Poly(ethylene oxide) Composites 289</p>
<p>6.2.3 Elastomeric Dental Floss 289</p>
<p>6.2.4 Bristled Dental Floss 291</p>
<p>6.2.5 Star–Shaped Microfiber Dental Floss 291</p>
<p>6.2.6 Dental Floss Inside a Dental Tubule 293</p>
<p>6.2.7 Surface Treated Dental Floss 293</p>
<p>6.2.8 Relationship Between the Use of Dental Floss and the Development of Peri–implantitis . . . 294</p>
<p>6.2.9 E cacy of an Unwaxed Dental Floss Impreg– nated with 2% Chlorhexidine 295</p>
<p>6.2.10 Mechanical and Physical Properties of Various Types of Dental Floss 295</p>
<p>References 296</p>
<p>Index 299</p>
<p>Acronyms 299</p>
<p>Chemicals 301</p>
<p>General Index 310</p>