Hydrogeochemistry Fundamentals and Advances V 1 – Groundwater Composititon and Chemistry

<p>Preface xv</p>
<p>Introduction 1</p>
<p>1 Analytical Composition and Properties of Ground Water 19</p>
<p>1.1 Moisture 21</p>
<p>1.2 Mineral Components 29</p>
<p>1.2.1 Testing and Preparation 30</p>
<p>1.2.2 Chemical Analysis 34</p>
<p>1.2.3 Processing of Analysis Results 35</p>
<p>1.3 Gas Components 41</p>
<p>1.3.1 Testing and Preparation 43</p>
<p>1.3.2 Analysis of the Natural Gas Composition 49</p>
<p>1.3.3 Conversions of Gas Analysis Results 52</p>
<p>1.4 Organic Components 56</p>
<p>1.4.1 Testing and Preparation 60</p>
<p>1.4.2 Analysis of Organic Substance 68</p>
<p>1.4.2.1 General Content of Organic Matter 68</p>
<p>1.4.2.2 Content of Organic Component Groups 70</p>
<p>1.4.2.3 Content of Individual Organic Components 74</p>
<p>1.4.3 Conversion of Analysis Results 74</p>
<p>1.5 Substances in the Dispersed State 76</p>
<p>1.5.1 Inert Suspended Particles 78</p>
<p>1.5.1.1 Methods of Study 79</p>
<p>1.5.2 Living Organisms 80</p>
<p>1.5.2.1 Pathogen Microorganisms 81</p>
<p>1.5.2.2 Biochemical Microorganisms 86</p>
<p>1.5.2.3 Methods of Study 86</p>
<p>1.6 Properties of Ground Water 89</p>
<p>1.6.1 Organoleptic and Balneological Properties 90</p>
<p>1.6.2 Chemical Properties 96</p>
<p>1.6.3 Physical Properties 113</p>
<p>2 Hydrogeochemical Testing 125</p>
<p>2.1 Assignment and Purpose of Hydrogeochemical Testing 126</p>
<p>2.1.1 Regime and Scope of Testing 127</p>
<p>2.1.2 Measured Parameters and Their Errors 128</p>
<p>2.2 Logistics of Field Testing 131</p>
<p>2.2.1 Natural Conditions and Previous Studies of the Area 132</p>
<p>2.2.2 Planning the Testing Regime and Points 133</p>
<p>2.2.3 Preparation of Wells and Equipment 138</p>
<p>2.2.4 Preparation of Analytical Base 148</p>
<p>2.2.4.1 Selection of Property and Composition Parameters 150</p>
<p>2.2.4.2 Substantiation of Margin of Error Measurements 151</p>
<p>2.2.4.3 Selection of Chemical Analysis Technique 164</p>
<p>2.2.4.4 Selection of a Laboratory and Executants 197</p>
<p>2.2.5 Field Testing Protocol 202</p>
<p>2.2.6 Sample Safekeeping and Delivery to the Laboratory 212</p>
<p>3 Processing of Testing Results 215</p>
<p>3.1 Processing and Systematization of Observed Values 216</p>
<p>3.1.1 Checking the Observed Values 216</p>
<p>3.1.2 Systematizing the Observed Values 219</p>
<p>3.1.3 Control of Measurement Quality 222</p>
<p>3.1.3.1 Sensitivity of Testing Techniques 224</p>
<p>3.1.3.2 Precision of Testing Results 225</p>
<p>3.1.3.3 Testing Correctness of the Results 228</p>
<p>3.1.3.4 Systematic Error of the Testing Results 229</p>
<p>3.1.3.5 Testing Results Accuracy 231</p>
<p>3.1.4 Measurements Results and Their Reliability 232</p>
<p>3.1.4.1 Mathematical Expectation 232</p>
<p>3.1.4.2 Confidence Interval 233</p>
<p>3.2 Modeling of the Hydrogeochemical Condition 237</p>
<p>3.2.1 Empirical statistical Modeling 238</p>
<p>3.2.1.1 Anomalies and Background 238</p>
<p>3.2.1.2 Water Distinction in Quality Parameters 240</p>
<p>3.2.1.3 Search for the Factors 244</p>
<p>3.2.2 Space time Modeling 247</p>
<p>3.2.2.1 Autocorrelation Metamodels 249</p>
<p>3.2.2.2 Semivariance Metamodels 254</p>
<p>3.3 Classification and Visualization of Hydrogeochemical Parameters 261</p>
<p>3.3.1 Chemical Classification of Ground Waters 262</p>
<p>3.3.2 Graphic Imaging of the Water Composition 269</p>
<p>3.3.3 Graphic Comparison of Different Composition Waters 272</p>
<p>3.3.4 Hydrogeochemical Maps and Cross sections 276</p>
<p>3.3.4.1 Making Hydrogeochemical Maps 278</p>
<p>3.3.4.2 Generating Hydrogeochemical Cross sections 288</p>
<p>Symbols 291</p>
<p>References 297</p>
<p>Index 301</p>